Journey to the Lord of Power A Sufi Manual on Retreat Ibn Arabi
Sufism / Mysticism
Journey to the Lord of Power A Sufi Manual on Retreat Ibn Arabi
Journey to the Lord of Power is the first English translation of Ibn
Arabi's twelfth-century text dealing with spiritual ascent. Arabi, whose
metaphysical teachings have had a profound influence on both the Muslim and
Christian worlds, is known as one of the greatest writers of mystical love
poetry of all time.
Written in answer to the questions of a friend,
this illuminating guide describes the evolutionary path of our higher spiritual
aspirations - the quest for the ultimate reality, the journey toward God. It
is chiefly concerned with spiritual retreat, an advanced and potentially
dangerous Sufi practice that aims at the attainment of the Presence of God
through absolute abandonment of the world. Realizing the imagination's
deceptive power, 'Arabi warns that this form of retreat should not be
undertaken except at the order of a sheikh or by one who has mastered the self.
Each stage of the journey is accompanied by a temptation which can be overcome
only by an unshakable desire for God.
Arabi explains each step of the ascent leading
toward human perfection. In this perilous voyage of self-discovery, the reader
will encounter the Realms of the mineral, vegetable, and animal worlds,
eventually reaching the Gardens and the Throne of Mercy. The traveler of the
Sufi mystic path is called upon to cleanse his or her heart in order to safely
reach the final destination - the Lord of Power.
Inner Traditions International
One Park Street
Rochester, Vermont 05767
Cover
illustration and design by CJ. Petlick, Hunter Graphics
Allah the
Generous One, the Raiser-of the Dead, the Guardian of All Existence, the Ever
Present.
JOURNEY TO THE
LORD OF POWER
A Sufi Manual on
Retreat
by
Muhyiddin Ibn ' Arabi
with Notes from a Commentary by 'Abdul-Karim Jili
and an Introduction by Sheikh Muzaffer Ozak al-Jerrahi
Translated by Rabia Terri Harris
Inner ^aditions International
One Park Street
Rochester, Vermont
Inner
Traditions International
One Park Street
Rochester, Vermont 05767
www.InnerTraditions.com
Inner Traditions would like to express its appreciation to
the Halveti- Jemhi Order of America for its help and cooperation in making this
book possible. We would also like to thank Tosun Bayrak for photographing the
calligraphy in this book as well as kindly providing the translation and the commentary on them.
Copyright © 1981, 1989 Jemhi Order of America
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library
of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data
Ibn al-'Arabi, 1165-1240.
Journey to the Lord of Power.
Translation of Risalat al-anwar.
1. Sufism-Early works to
1800. I. Jili, ‘Abd al-Karim ibn Ibrahim, b. 1365 or 6. Asfar ‘an Risalat
al-anwar. English. Selections. 1980. II. Title BP188.9.12513 297'.4 81-28
ISBN 0-89281-024-6
ISBN 0-89281-018-1 (Pbk.)
Journey
to the Lord of Power is the first in the series of books on Sufism from the
Library of the Halveti-lemhi Order of Dervishes
Typography by Positive Type
Printed and bound in the United States 10 9
Translator's Preface i
Introduction 7
Glimpses of the Life of Ibn 'Arabi IS
journey to the Lord of Power 23
Notes from the
Commentary
by 'Abdul-Karim jili. 67
Glossary lOS
NOTE ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS
The calligraphy of the "Beautiful Names of Allah,” from which
the cover is taken, is from the Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami) built in 1399 in Bursa,
Turkey. The originals are monumental mural compositions of calligraphy approximately
eight feet in height, painted in the nineteenth century by the world-renowed
calligrapher Mehmet Shefik.
NOTE
ON THE COVER ILLUSTRATION
Also from the Grand Mosque, the cover calligraphy reads Hu (“There is no God but He, nothing but He"). Hu is Allah's most perfect Name, by which those who see nothing but
Allah call upon Him. Those are the "perfect men" who have reached the
level of Knowledge of God, the ones who have cleansed their heans, who have
become one with their essence, those who, although their names are still in
this world, have annihilated their selves- in the flames of Divine Love and
moved to the world of unity, the world of God's Eternity.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Allah, the Generous One ii
He is Allah 33
Light Upon Light 37
The One Who Plans and Rules the Universe 41
Allah the Ever Living One 45
Allah, May His Glory Be
Exalted 49
Allah, the Just 53
Allah, the Sustainer 57
He Is the Creator 61
Allah the One whose existence is endless 65
IN THE NAME OF GOD
MOST BENEFICENT, MOST MERCIFUL
Journey to the
Lord of Power, known most
widely in Arabic under the title Risalat-ul-anwarfima yumnah sahib al-khalwa min
al-asrar ("Treatise on the Lights in
the Secrets Granted One Who Undertakes Retreat”), by Muhyiddin Ibn ul-‘ Arabi
(1165-1240), was originally edited in 1204/1205 in Konya, Turkey. There now
exist some seventy manuscript copies in the libraries of the world, under these
titles and such variants as "The Book of Journey in Reality” and "The
Book of Retreat.” There have been two printed editions in Arabic: Cairo, 1914,
and Hyderabad, 1948. This is the work's first publication in English.
No critical edition of Journey to the Lord ofPower exists. I have
consulted both printed editions of the text and the partial seventeenth-century
manuscript copy in the Garrett Collection at Princeton University. However,
the translation largely follows a third printed version which accompanies the
commentary.
About the commentary, al-lsfar 'an
risalat-ul-anwar fima yatajalla Ii ahl il-dhikr min al-asrar ("Unveiling of
‘Treatise on the Secrets Revealed to the People of Dhikr ") by ‘Abdul- Karim
Jili (1365-1408), little information is available. It is undated; bibliographic
sources list only two manuscripts. It exists also under the alternate title Sharh ul-khalwat il-mutlaq ("Explanation
of Absolute Retreat"). The only version available to me was published in
Arabic in Damascus in 1929. The selections published here represent the first
English language translation of the commentary as well.
Ibn ' Arabi's Journey to the Lord of Power was written, as the text makes clear, to answer the questions of
an unnamed friend who was himself a saint and Sufi master. Although he produced
many volumes, Ibn ‘ Arabi claimed never to have written anything except in
obedience to a divine command. In this letter, he deals with the conditions,
experiences, and results of annihilation in God.
Journey to the
Lord of Power is a
discussion of khalwa, spiritual retreat, an advanced and dangerous Sufi practice for the
attainment of the Presence of God through absolute abandonment of the world. Khalwa is by no means a technique for everyone. Ibn ' Arabi explicitly
states that because of the deceptions of the imagination, it may be undertaken
only at the order of a shaykh, or by one who has mastered himself. He further
points out that to pursue the experiences of khalwa without being thoroughly accomplished in the duties and practices
of Islam is to invite spiritual destruction. Finally, each stage of the ascent
which he describes is a temptation, yielding to which brings calamity and loss.
Only one with an overpowering desire for God and no care for anything else is
safe in such circumstances.
The practice of kbalwa in Islam began with the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah's peace and
blessings be upon him), who used to retire to a cave in Mount Hira for
contemplation. The spiritual ascent through all the degrees of existence to the
Divine Presence which Ibn ‘ Arabi describes also has Prophetic precedent. In
the great Night Journey and Ascension, Muhammad was transported—in an instant
which was 70,000 years—from Mecca to Jerusalem and from Jerusalem through all
the heavens to the Presence of the Beloved, and returned.
There is a tradition that Abu-Jahl, one of the Prophet's major
enemies and persecutors, heard reports of this event and went to see Muhammad.
The Prophet received him.
"Lift one foot off the ground," Abu-Jahl said.
The Prophet complied.
"Now lift the other," he continued.
"I cannot," answered the Prophet.
"How can you, who cannot even lift your two feet off the
ground, claim that you went to the highest heaven last night?" Abu-Jahl
demanded.
"Ah, but I didn't say I went," the Prophet replied.
"I said I was taken."
As ‘ Abdul-Karim Jili points out in his commentary, the gift of
this ascension, though given without preparation to the prophets, must be
earned by the saints. Its price is the . .... . . . _ • perfection of all the
interior and exterior arts of Islam, which means submission to God. Without the
knowledge gained through Sacred Law and inner battle with the self, there can
be no contemplation, for as Ibn ‘Arabi writes:
Revelation corresponds to the extent and form of knowledge. The
knowledge of Him, from Him, that you acquire at the time of your struggle and
training you will realize in contemplation later. But what you contemplate of
Him will be the form of the knowledge which you established previously. You
advance nothing except your transference from knowledge ('ilm) to vision
('ayn); and the form is one.
Journey to the
Lord oj Power, in the space
of a brief and highly condensed letter, touches on many themes which find their
full development only in Ibn ‘Arabi's other works. ‘Abdul- Karim Jili makes
this clear in his commentary, and illuminates many otherwise obscure statements
by bringing to bear his deep insight and great familiarity with Ibn 'Arabi's
work. His comments on some of the more difficult passages have been appended as
notes.
Many stories of Ibn ‘ Arabi have come down to us. Several of them
are related in the Introduction. Much less, however, is known of ‘Abdul-Karim
Jili. This highly respected man, who died between 1408 and 1417, was also a
shaykh, a descendant of the great saint ‘Abdul-Qadir Jilani. He is the foremost
systematizer and one of the greatest exponents of the work of Ibn ' Arabi. His
book al-Insan
al-kamil(“The Perfect Man”), an explanation
of Ibn ' Arabi's teachings on the structure of reality and human perfection, is
held to be one of the masterpieces of Sufi literature in its own right.
The object of Sufism has been said to be the production of saints.
The saints of Islam are called awliya', the friends of God. The Koran describes their state: "the
friends of Allah— no fear comes upon them, nor do they grieve" (10:62).
The awliya' are those in whom no trace of false existence remains. God keeps
them continuously in obedience, so that their action is His action. A hadith qudsi states, "Nothing is more pleasing to Me, as a means for My
servant to draw near to Me, than worship which I have made binding upon him; and
My servant does not cease to draw near to Me with added voluntary devotions
until I love him; and when I love him I become the hearing with which he hears
and the eye with which he sees and the hand with which he grasps and the foot
with which he walks." Through the saints, whose life is a testimony to
such a state, humanity may understand the work for which it was created, and
recognize that the true human being is the representative of God. By divine
promise, the world shall not be without them until the end of time.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Professor Roy Parviz
Mottahedeh of Princeton University and Mr. Simon Bryquer of New York in the
revision of the manuscript.
Praise is due to Allah for the generosity of al-Hajj Sheikh
Muzafferuddin Ozak Efendi al-Jerrahi al-Halveti of Istanbul, whose words
provide an enlightening introduction to Ibn ‘ Arabi's text, and for the
invaluable guidance of aI-Hajj Sheikh Tosun Bekir Bayrak Efendi al-Jerrahi
al-Halveti of New York.
I would like to dedicate this translation to my father and my
mother.
Any errors that are in this book are mine; the praise is His. May
the reader find his reading profitable.
Rabia Terri Harris
by
Sheikh Muzaffer Ozak al-Jerrahi
This treatise, which contains divine mysteries, is an illuminating
guide for seekers of truth and vision. Those who wish to be intimates of God,
who stroll in the garden looking for the rosebuds of inner knowledge, should
read this book and learn to “ be.” Since the author of this work is Ibn 'Arabi,
whoever browses through its words will be conversing with him.
The miraculous spiritual influence of this saint, in the East and
in the West, is brilliantly clear. He has taught mankind tawhid, Unity, and will continue enlightening it until the Day of Last
Judgment. His teaching of the wonder of Creation and his miraculous
knowledge—displayed in such books as al- Futuhat
al-Makkiyya (" Meccan Revelations”), Fusus al-hikam ("Bezels of Wisdom”), and many others, numbering over 500—bear
witness to his importance.
He had as many enemies as people who loved him, bigots who like
bats were blinded by the light of the saint. Some men become enemies of those
they do not know, cannot know, and cannot understand. Even the ones who named
him al-shaykh
al- akbar ("the Greatest Shaykh")
were among those who did not understand him. Some of them even hated him. The
saint not only forgave these deficient people but declared that he would
intercede on their behalf on the Day of Last judgment, for they were to be
pitied for not having been able to comprehend him. Certainly, just as the
goldsmith knows the value of gold, the wise know the value of knowledge and the
all-knowing Perfect Man forgives the ignorant their poverty. This compassion of
the saint is sufficient proof of his perfection.
One day, one of Ibn ' Arabi's opponents was taken sick. The shaykh
went to visit him. He knocked on the door and begged the sick man's wife to
announce that he wished to pay his respects. The woman took the message and,
returning, told the shaykh that her husband did not wish to see him. The shaykh
had no business in this house, she informed him. The proper place for him was
the church. The shaykh thanked the woman and said that since a good man like
her husband would certainly not send him to a bad place, he would comply with
the suggestion. So after praying for the health and welfare of the sick man,
the shaykh departed for the church.
When he arrived, he removed his shoes, entered with humble
courtesy, and slowly and silently headed toward a corner, where he sat down.
The priest was in the midst of delivering a sermon to which Ibn 'Arabi listened
with the utmost attention. During the sermon, the shaykh felt that the priest
had slandered jesus by attributing to him the claim that he was the son of God.
The shaykh stood up and courteously objected to this statement. "O venerable priest," he began, "Holy Jesus did not say
that. On the contrary, he foretold the good news of the arrival of the Prophet
Ahmad (Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him)."
The priest denied that Jesus had said this. The debate went on and
on. Finally the shaykh, pointing to the image of Jesus on the church wall, told
the priest to ask jesus himself. He would answer and decide the issue once and
for all. The priest protested vehemently, pointing out that a picture could not
speak. This picture would, insisted the shaykh, for God, who had made jesus
speak while a baby in the arms of the Holy Virgin, was able to make his picture
speak as well. The congregation following the heated debate became excited at
this statement. The priest was forced to turn to the image of jesus and address
it: “O
Son ofGod! Show us the true path.
Tell us which of us is right in our claim." With God's Will, the picture
spoke and answered: "I am not the son of God, I am His messenger, and
after me came the last of the prophets, the Holy Ahmad; I foretold that to you,
and I repeat this good news now.’ ’
With this miracle, the whole congregation accepted Islam and, with
Ibn ‘ Arabi leading them, marched through the streets' to the mosque. As they
passed by the house of the sick man, he could be seen within, his eyes wide
open in astonishment, looking out of the window at this curious sight. The
saint stopped, and blessed and thanked the man who had insulted him, saying
that he was to be praised for the salvation of all these people.
Not many people understood the saint during his lifetime. One day
he went up the mountain in Damascus where he preached, and said: "People
of Damascus, the god which you worship is under my feet."
On hearing these words, the people jailed him, and were prepared to
kill him. In fact, according to one tradition, at that incident he was
martyred. According to another tradition, a shaykh of his time, Abul-Hassan,
mitigated his words and saved him from death with the following dialogue:
“How could people imprison someone,’ ’ he asked Ibn 'Arabi,
"through whom the world of angels came to the mortal world?"
"My words were spoken," the shaykh replied, "through
the intoxication of the state you describe.”
Yet Ibn ‘Arabi’s words and his works created such a violent
reaction in his time that the people destroyed his tomb after his death without
leaving any trace of it.
One of his many enigmatic statements was "Idha
dalrhalaal- sin ila al-shin / yazhara qabruMuhyiddin, "which means: “When S will enter SH [the letters sin and shin in Arabic], the tomb of Muhyiddin will be discovered." When
the ninth Ottoman sultan, Selim II, conquered Damascus in 1516, he learned of
this statement from a contemporary scholar named- Zembilli Ali Efendi, who
interpreted it as a prophecy which meant: "When Selim[whose name starts
with the letter sin] enters the city of Sham [the Arabic name of Damascus,
which begins with the letter shin], he will discover Ibn ' Arabi's tomb."
So Sultan Selim found out from the theologians of the city the place where the
saint had made the declaration ‘The god which you worship is under my
feet," and had it excavated. First he uncovered a treasure of gold coins,
which revealed what the saint had meant. Nearby he discovered his tomb. With
the treasure he found, Sultan Selim built a magnificent shrine and mosque on
the site of the tomb. It still stands today in the city of Damascus and is
found at a place called Salihiyya on the slopes of the mountain Qasiyun.
Muhibbuddin al-Tabari* attributes the following story to his
mother:
Muhyiddin Ibn ' Arabi was delivering a sermon at the Kaaba on the
meaning of the Kaaba. Inwardly, I disagreed with his teaching. That night I saw
the shaykh in my dream. In this dream, Fakhruddin al-Razi, one of the greatest
theologians of the time, came to the Pilgrimage with great pomp and ceremony,
and was circumambulating the Kaaba. His eyes fell on a simple man in his
pilgrim's shroud who was sitting there quietly. He said to himself: "The
insolence of this man, not to stand in the presence of a great man like
me!" A little while later, he came to preach in the Grand
•See Glossary1.
Mosque in Mecca. The whole population of the Holy City had gathered
to hear the words of this great scholar who was the author of the most
important interpretation of the Koran. Fakhruddin al-Razi slowly mounted the
pulpit and began, "O great congregation of Muslims"—and nothing else came out of
his mouth. It was as though all the contents of his mind had been erased. He
began to sweat with embarrassment. He excused himself, saying he was not
feeling well, and left the pulpit without a word. When he reached home, he protested
and prayed, "O
Lord, what have I done that you
should punish me with such embarrassment?’ ’ That night in a dream he was shown
the man whom he had secretly reproached for not standing in his presence. It
was Muhyiddin Ibn ' Arabi. For days he searched for him everywhere. Just as he
had given up hope of finding him, there was a knock at the door, and Ibn '
Arabi was standing in front of him. He asked for forgiveness, and his knowledge
was returned to him.
In recent times, there was the case of another scholar, Ibrahim
Haleri, the imam of the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul, an extremely orthodox man who
opposed the religious teachings of Ibn ' Arabi. One day in heated discussion
with people who defended the shaykh, he stamped his foot, saying, "If I
could have been there, I would have crushed his head like that!" In so
doing, he stepped on a huge nail. The wound never healed, causing his death.
(The Fatih Mosque has a stone, not a wooden, floor.)
According to an oral tradition, one day in Damascus Ibn 'Arabi saw
a beautiful young Jewish boy. As he looked upon him, the boy came to him and
addressed him as "father." From that day on the boy never left him.
The father of the boy searched, found him with the shaykh, and wanted to take
him away. The boy did not recognize him and claimed that the shaykh was his
father. The father, in amazement, told the shaykh that he could bring hundreds
of witnesses to prove that the boy was his son. The shaykh responded, "If
the boy claims that I am his father, then I am his father." The father
went to court claiming his boy, showing hundreds of witnesses. When the judge
asked the shaykh if the boy was his, the shaykh demanded that the boy be asked.
The boy claimed the shaykh as his father. Then the shaykh asked the witnesses
if this Jewish boy had memorized the Koran. They answered, "How could a
Jewish boy memorize the Koran?" The judge asked the boy to recite the
Koran, which he did with great skill and beauty. Then the shaykh asked the
witnesses if the boy knew the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. They
answered, " How could a Jewish boy know such a science, which does not
belong to his way of life?" The judge closely questioned the boy about
Prophetic traditions. The boy answered his every question correctly and completely.
The Jews who understood this miracle accepted Islam.
The following story is included toward the end of the Futuhat
al-Makkiyya: In the
orthodox atmosphere of a school of canonic law, a teacher was explaining the
root ofthe word for heretic (zindiq). Some mischievous students wondered if perhaps it came from the
word zenuddin, which means "religious woman.” Another mischievous student
said, “Zindiq is someone like Muhyiddin Ibn'Arabi • • • isn't that so, Master?” The teacher curtly answered yes.
It was Ramadan, the Month of Fasting, and the teacher had invited
the students back to his house to break the fast with him. Sitting and waiting
for the meal to start, the same mischievous students teased their teacher,
saying, "If you cannot reveal to us the name of the greatest saint of our
time, we will not break our fast with your food.” The teacher answered that the
greatest shaykh of all times was Muhyiddin Ibn ‘ Arabi. The students protested,
saying that earlier at school when they had given Ibn 'Arabi as an example of a
heretic, he had agreed. Now he claimed that the shaykh was the greatest saint
of their times! The teacher answered, a hint of a smile about his lips:
"At the school we are among men of orthodoxy, scholars and legists; here
we are among men of love. ”
by
Tosun Bayrak al-Jerrahi
Ibn ' Arabi's father, 'Ali ibn Muhammad ibn ' Arabi, went to
Baghdad at an advanced age. His dearest wish was to leave a son in his place
when he passed away. He went to see the great shaykh Muhyiddin 'Abdul-Qadir
Jilani and asked him to pray for God to give him the gift of a son. The shaykh
secluded himself and went into deep contemplation. On his return, he informed '
Ali ibn Muhammad: "I have looked into the world of secrets and it has been
revealed to me that you will have no descendants, so do not tire yourself out
trying.’ ’
Although crestfallen, the old man would not give up. He begged and
insisted: "0
Saint, God will certainly grant your
prayers. I ask you to intervene in this matter for me.’ ’
Shaykh 'Abdul-Qadir Jilani once again withdrew and fell into deep
contemplation. After a while he came back and said that although ' Ali ibn
Muhammad was not destined to have a descendant, the saint himself was so
destined. Would the old man like to have the saint’s future son?
His visitor gladly accepted. The two men stood back to back, their
arms interlocked. 'Ali ibn Muhammad later recounted this incident:
“When 1 was back to back with the saint ‘Abdul-Qadir jilani, 1 felt
something warm running down from my neck to the small of my back. After a while
a son was born to me, and I named
him Muhyiddin, as ‘Abdul-Qadir jilani had ordered."
Muhyiddin 1bn ‘Arabi’s full name was Abu-Bakr Muhammad ibn ' Ali
ibn Muhammad al-Hatimi al-Ta'ial-Andalusi. He has been given many titles: al-shaykh
al-akbar, the Greatest Shaykh; khatim
al-awliya ’ al-Muhammadi, the Seal of
the Saints of Muhammad; al-shaykh al-a'zam, the Exalted Shaykh; qutb al- ‘arifin, Axis of True Knowledge; imam
ul-munahiyuddin, Religious
Leader of the Converts; rahbar ul-'alam, Guide ofthe World; and many more. On his great learning, 1bn
Jawziya has commented, "1bn ‘Arabi was well versed in alchemy, and knew
the secret of the Greatest Name of God, which is hidden in the Koran." Shaykh
Sa'duddin Hamawi* said, "Muhyiddin is an ocean of knowledge which has no
shores.’ ’
Muhyiddin 1bn ' Arabi was born in the city of Murcia in the then
Islamic province of Andalusia, Spain, on Monday the 1 7th of the holy month of Ramadan in the year 560 A.H. Quly 28,
1165). His father was a Sufi and a renowned and respected
•See Glossary1.
person. In his early childhood, he was recognized and taught by two
women saints, Yasmin of Marchena and Fatima of Cordoba. At the age of eight,
Ibn ' Arabi and his family moved to Seville where he studied with Abu-Muhammad
and Ibn Bashkuwal, two of the greatest theologians and scholars of the
Prophetic Traditions of the time. By the time he was nineteen years old, his
father's friend, the famous philosopher and mystic Ibn Rushd (known to the West
as Averroes), expressed an interest in meeting him. Much moved by the intense
power which he felt through exchanging only a few words with the young man, the
scholar spoke to his father in terms which Ibn ‘Arabi recalled as follows:
He thanked God to have been able to meet someone who had entered
into spiritual retreat ignorant and left it as I had. He said: "It was a
case whose possibility I had affirmed without encountering anyone who had
experienced it. Glory be to God that I have lived at a time when there exists a
master of this experience, one of those who opens the locks of His doors. Glory
be to God to have granted me the gift of seeing one of them myself.
Since it had been the rumor of "what God had revealed to the
young man in the course of his spiritual retreat’ ’ which had attracted the
attention of Ibn Rushd, we know that Ibn ' Arabi had his first experience with
the subject of this book, the
JOURNEY
TO THE LORD OF POWER mystical ascent in lehalwa, while still less than twenty years old. He did
not write Journey to the Lord of Power, however, for another twenty years.
In 1201,
at the age of thirty-six, Ibn 'Arabi traveled to Mecca for the Pilgrimage. At
that time he prayed for God to reveal to him all that was to happen in the
material and spiritual worlds. God, accepting his wish, opened the world of
secrets to him. Concerning thc;se matters, Ibn 'Arabi later commented: "I
know the name and genealogy of every qutb who will come until the Day of Judgment. But
since to oppose what is destined is sure destruction, from compassion for
future generations I have decided to hide this knowledge."
After
the Pilgrimage, Ibn 'Arabi traveled in Egypt, Iraq, and Damascus, and stopped
in Konya, Turkey, where he met Sadruddin Qunyawi, a young Sufi scholar, whose
mother he married. The young Sadruddin became one of his closest disciples,
whom he enriched with great material and spiritual knowledge. Journey to the Lord ofPower, edited in Konya by the author three years
after his Pilgrimage, was probably originally addressed to this holy man.
In the
year 1223, Ibn 'Arabi returned to Damascus, where he met, visibly and
invisibly, with many other Sufi masters. There he spent the rest of his life.
He is believed to have died in 12+0.
Ibn 'Arabi
mentions that he met Khidr, the hidden guide of the Sufis, three times. His
first meeting he recounts in the following manner:
It was
early in my education. My shaykh, Abul Hassan, attributed some knowledge to
someone. That whole day I continuously disagreed with him about it. When I left
him, while returning to my house I met a beautiful person who greeted me and
said, "The things that your teacher told you were right—accept them."
I ran back to my shaykh and told him what had happened. He told me that he had
prayed to have Khidr come and affirm his teaching. On hearing that, I once and
for all decided never to disagree again.
Of his
second meeting he says:
• • • I was in
the port of Tunisia on board a ship. I couldn't sleep one night and went strolling
on the deck. I was watching a beautiful full moon, when suddenly I saw a tall,
white-bearded man coming toward me, walking on water alongside the ship. I was
astonished. He came right in front of me and put his right foot on his left
foot in salutation. I saw that his feet were not wet. He greeted me, said a few
words, and started toward the city of Menares, which was on a hill nearby. To
my amazement he traveled a mile with each step he took. From afar I could hear
his beautiful voice chanting the dhikr. The
next day I went to the city, where I met a shaykh who asked me how my evening
meeting with Khidr had been and what we had talked about.
Ibn
'Arabi's third meeting with Khidr, according to one tradition, took place in a
little mosque on the shores of the Atlantic in Spain where Ibn 'Arabi was
making his noon prayers. He had someone accompanying him who denied the
existence of miracles. There were a few other travelers in the mosque. Suddenly
he saw among them the same being whom he had previously seen in Tunisia. The
tall, white-bearded man took his straw prayer mat from the prayer niche, rose
fourteen feet into the air, and made his prayer from there. Later he came back
to tell Ibn 'Arabi that he had done this as a demonstration for the skeptic in
his company who had denied miracles.
When
Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi evolved above the level of Shaykh Abul-Hassan al-'Uryani,
he wrote a letter to his teacher, saying, "Turn toward me with your heart
and ask me your questions, and I will tum toward you with my heart and answer
'them."
After a
while he received a letter from his teacher, which said:
I
dreamed that all the saints were gathered in a circle with two men in the
center. One of them was Abul- Hassan ibn Siban. I could not see the face of the
other. Then I heard a voice saying that the other man in the center was an
Andalusian, and that one of the two would be the qutb of our time. A verse from the Koran was
chanted and both of them prostrated themselves, and the voice said,
"Whoever lifts his head first will be the qutb." The Andalusian lifted his head first. I asked
the voice a question without letters or words. The voice answered me by blowing
in my direction. This breath contained the answers to all my questions. Both I
and all the saints in the circle went into ecstasy with this breath. I looked
at the face of the Andalusian in the center of the circle. It was you, O Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi.
OM--------------------------
IN THE NAME OF GOD
MOST BENEFICENT, MOST MERCIFUL
Praise is due to God, the Giver and Originator of Reason, Ordainer
and Institutor of the Transmission. His are the grace and the might; from Him
are the power and the strength. There is no God save He, Lord of the Tremendous
Throne. And may the peace and blessings ofGod be upon him in whom are
established the signs of guidance, whom He sent with the light by which He
guides—and misleads—whom He wills; and upon his noble family and pure
companions, until the Day of Judgment.
I shall answer your question, O noble friend and intimate companion, concerning the Journey to the
Lord of Power (may He be exalted) and the arrival in His presence, and the
return, through Him, from Him to His Creation, without separation. Certainly
there is nothing in existence except God Most High, His attributes, and His
actions. Everything is He, and of Him and from Him and to Him. If He were to be
veiled from the world for the blink of an eye, the world would vanish at one
stroke; it only remains through His preserving and watching over it. However, His appearance in
His light is so intense that it overpowers our perceptions, so that we call His
manifestation a veil.
I shall
first describe (may Allah grant you success) the nature of the journey to Him,
then the procedure of arriving and standing before Him, and what He says to you
as you sit on the carpet of His vision. Then the nature of the return from Him
to the presence (hadro) of His actions: with Him and to Him. And I shall
describe absorption in Him, which is a station less than the station of return.
1
Know, O noble brother, that while the paths are many,
the Way of Truth is single. The seekers of the Way of Truth are individuals. So
although the Way of Truth is one, the aspects it presents vary with the varying
conditions of its seekers; with the balance or imbalance of the seeker's
constitution, the persistence or absence of his motivation, the strength or
weakness of his spiritual nature, the straightness or deviation of his
aspiration, the health or illness of his relation to his goal. Some seekers possess
all of the favorable characteristics, while others possess only some. Thus we
see that the seeker's constitution, for instance, may be a hindrance, while his
spiritual striving may be noble and good. And this principle applies in all cases.
I must
first make clear to you the knowledge of the matrices of Realms, and what those
Realms imply in this place. The ' Realms (mowotin) is a term for the
substrata of the moments in which things come to exist and experience actually
occurs. It is necessary that you know what the Truth wants from you in any
Realm, so that you hasten to it without hesitation and without resistance.'
The
Realms, although they are many, are all derived from six. The first Realm is
[the pre-existence in which we were asked the question] "Am I not your
Lord?" Our physical existence has removed us from this Realm. The second
Realm is the world we are now in. The third Realm is the Interval through which
we travel after the lesser and greater deaths. The fourth Realm is the Resurrection
on the awakening earth and the return to the original condition. The fifth
Realm is the Garden and the Fire. The sixth Realm is the Sand Dune outside the
Garden. And in each of these Realms are places which are Realms within Realms,
and the realization of them in their multiplicity is not within human power.3
In our
situation we only need an explanation of the Realm of this world, which is the
place of responsibilty, trial, and works.
Know
that since God created human beings and brought them out of nothingness into
existence, they have not stopped being travelers. They have no resting place
from their journey except in the Garden or the Fire, and each Garden and Fire
is in accordance with the measure of its people. Every rational person must
know that the journey is based upon toil and the hardships of life, on
afflictions and tests and the acceptance of dangers and very great terrors. It
is not possible for the traveler to find in this journey unimpaired comfort,
security, or bliss. For waters are variously flavored and weather
changes, and the character of the people at every place where one stops differs
from their character at the next. The traveler needs to learn what is useful
from each situation. He is the companion of each one for a night or an hour, and
then departs. How could ease be reasonably expected by someone in this
condition?
We have not mentioned this to answer the people fond of comfort in
this world, who strive for it and are devoted to the collection of worldly
rubble. We do not occupy ourselves with or turn our attention to those engaged
in this petty and contemptible activity. But we mention it as counsel to
whoever wishes to hasten the bliss of contemplation in other than its given
Realm, and to hasten the state of fana', annihilation, elsewhere than in its native place, and who desires
absorption in the Real by means of obliteration from the worlds.4
The masters among us are scornful of this [ ambition] because it is
a waste of time and a loss of [true] rank, and associates the Realm with that
which is unsuitable to it.s For the world is the King's prison, not
His house; and whoever seeks the King in His prison, without departing from it
entirely, violates the rule of right behavior (adab), and something of
great import escapes him. For the time offana'in the Truth is the time of the abandonment of a station higher than
the one attained.
Revelation corresponds to the extent and form of knowledge. The
knowledge of Him, from Him, that you acquire at the time of your struggle and
training you will realize in contemplation later. But what you contemplate of
Him will be the form of the knowledge which you established previously. You
advance nothing except your transference from knowledge ( 'ilm) to vision ( 'ayn); and the form is one.
[In contemplation] you obtain that which you ought to have left to
its proper Realm, and that is the House of the Other World in which there is no
labor. So it would be better for you if, at the time of your contemplation, you
were engaged in labor outwardly, and at the same time in the reception of
knowledge from God inwardly. You would then increase virtue and beauty in your
spiritual nature, which seeks its Lord through knowledge received from Him
through works and piety, and also in your personal nature, which seeks its
paradise. For the human subtle nature is resurrected in the form of its
knowledge, and the bodies are resurrected in the form of their works, either in
beauty or in ugliness.
So it is until the last breath, when you are separated from the
world of obligation and the Realm of ascending paths and progressive
development. And only then will you harvest the fruit which you have planted.
If you have understood all of this, then know (may God grant
success to us both) that if you want to enter the presence of the Truth and
receive from Him without intermediary, and you desire intimacy with Him, this
will not be appropriate as long as your heart acknowledges any lordship other
than His. For you belong to that which exercises its authority over you.
Of this
there is no doubt. And seclusion from people will become inevitable for you,
and preference for retreat (thalwa)* over human associations, for the
extent of your distance from creation is the extent of your closeness to
God—outwardly and inwardly.
Your
first duty is to search for the knowledge which establishes your ablution and
prayer, your fasting and reverence. You are not obliged to seek out more than
this. This is the first door of the journey; then work; then moral heedfulness;
then asceticism; then trust. And in the first of the states of trust, four
miracles befall you. These are signs and evidences of your attainment of the
first degree of trust. These signs are crossing the earth, walking on water,
traversing the air, and being fed by the universe. And that is the reality
within this door. After that, stations and states and miracles and revelations
come to you continuously until death.
And for
God's sake, do not enter retreat until you know what your station is, and know
your strength in respect to the power of imagination. For if your imagination
rules you, then there is no road to retreat except by the hand of the shaykh
who is discriminating and aware. If your imagination is under control, then
enter retreat without fear.
Discipline
is incumbent upon you before the retreat. Spiritual discipline (riyada)
means training of character, abandonment of heedlessness, and endurance of
indignities. For if a person begins before he has acquired diSCipline, he will
never become a ran, except in a rare case.
When you
withdraw from the world, beware of people coming to see you and approaching
you, for he who withdraws from the people does not open his door to their
visits. Indeed the object of seclusion is the departure from people and their
society, and the object of departure from people is not leaving their physical company, but rather
that neither your heart nor your ear should be a receptacle for the superfluous
words they bring. Your heart will not become clear of the mad ravings of the
world except by distance from them. And everyone who "withdraws" in
his house and opens the door to people visiting him is a seeker of leadership
and esteem, driven from the door of God Most High; and for someone like this,
destruction is closer than the shoelace of his shoe. For God's sake, for God’s
sake, protect yourself from the deceit of the ego in this station, for most of
the world is destroyed by it. So shut your door against the world; and thus the
door of your house will be between you and your people.
And
occupy youself with dhikr, remembrance of God, with whatever sort of dhikr
you choose. The highest of them is the Greatest Name; it is your saying
"Allah, Allah," and nothing beyond “ Allah."
Protect
yourself from the misfortunes of corrupt imaginings that distract you from
remembrance. Be careful of your diet. It is better if your food be nourishing
but devoid of animal fat.7 Beware
of satiation and excessive hunger. Keep your constitution in balance, for if
dryness is excessive, it leads to corrupt imaginings and long, delirious
ravings.
If there should be an influence which alters the constitutions—and
that is desirable—distinguish between angelic and demonic spiritual influences
by what you find in yourself when they come to an end. That is, if the
influence is angelic, it is followed by coolness and bliss. You will not be
aware of any pain; you will not undergo any alteration of form;’ and the
influence leaves knowledge. But if it is demonic, physical disorientation, pain
and distress, bewilderment and vileness ensue; and it leaves mental disorder.
Protect yourself, and do not cease repeating the dhikr in your heart, until God drives the demonic influence from it.10
That is what the situation calls for.
Be sure that you articulate what you intend. Let your covenant at
your entry into retreat be that there is nothing like unto God. And to each
form that appears to you in retreat and says " ‘I am God,’ ’ say:
"Far exalted be God above that! You are through God." Remember the form of what you saw. Turn your attention
from it and occupy yourself with dhikr continually.
This is one covenant. The second one is that you will not seek from
Him in retreat anything other than Himself and that you will not attach your himma, the power of the heart's intention, to anything other than Him.
And if everything in the universe should be spread before you, receive it
graciously— but do not stop there. Persist in your quest, for He is testing
you. If you stay with what is offered, He will escape you. But if you attain
Him, nothing will escape you.
He is
Allah besides whom there is no God, the Beneficent, the
Merciful, the King who owns and rules the universe, the Pure devoid
of all errors, weaknesses, shortcomings and heedlessness, the
Granter of total security, the Author of Peace.
If you
know this, then know that God tests you through what He spreads before you.
What He first discloses to you is His gift of command over the material order,
as I shall discuss. It is the unveiling of the sensory world which is hidden
from you, so that walls and shadows do not veil you from what people are doing
in their houses. However, if God has informed you of anyone's secret, you are
obliged to preserve it from exposure. For if you were to expose it and say this
one is a fornicator and this one a drunkard and this one a slanderer and this
one a thief, you yourself would be the greater sinner and indeed Satan would
have entered into you. So act in accordance with the Divine Name al-Sattar, the Veiler. And if this person were to come to
you, warn him privately about his actions and counsel him to have shame before
God and not to transgress God's limits. Turn away from this type of perception
as much as possible, and occupy yourself with dhikr.
We shall
explain [the means of telling] the difference between sensory and imaginational
subtle perception. That is, when you see someone's form or some created action,
if you close your eyes and the perception remains with you, it is in your
imagination; but if it is hidden from you, then your consciousness of it is
attached to the place in which you saw it. [If it is perception of the latter
kind] when you tum your attention away from it and occupy yourself with dhikr, you will move from the sensory to the imaginal
level.
And
there descend upon you abstract intelligible ideas in sensory forms. This
descent is difficult, since no one knows what is meant by these forms except a
prophet, or whomever God wills among the righteous. So do not concern yourself
with this. If you are offered something to drink, choose water. If there is no
water among the offerings, choose milk. And if both of them are presented to
you, combine the water and the milk. This also applies to honey: Drink it. Be
careful of drinking wine unless it is mixed with rainwater. Refrain from
drinking it otherwise, even if it is mixed with the water of riversand springs.
1 1 Occupy
yourself with dbikr until
the world of imagination is lifted from you and the world of abstract meanings
free of matter is revealed to you.
Occupy
yourself with dbikr,
remembrance, until the Remembered manifests Himself to you and calling Him to
memory is effaced in the actual recollection of Him. However, this [vanishing
of dbikr] is the
essence not only of contemplation but also of sleep. The way to distinguish
between them is that contemplation leaves its evidence and is followed by
bliss, whereas sleep leaves nothing and is followed, on awakening, by remorse
and the asking of forgiveness.
Then
Almighty God spreads before you the degrees of the kingdom as a test. This is
appointed to you as an obligation.
First
you will discover the secrets of the mineral world. You will become acquainted
with the secret of every stone and its particular harmful and beneficial
qualities. If you become enamored of this world, it will trap you, and you will
be exiled
Light
upon light. Allah guides to His light whom He pleases [Koran 24:35]. from God. He will
strip you of everything you held on to, and you will be lost. But if you let go
and occupy yourself with dhikr and take refuge at the side of the Remembered,
then He will free you from that mode and unveil the vegetal world. Every green
thing will call out to you its harmful and beneficial qualities. Let your
judgment be what it was before. At the time of the unveiling of the mineral world
let your nourishment be what increases heat and moisture, and at the unveiling
of the vegetal world let it be what balances heat and moisture.
And if you do not stop, He will reveal the animal world to you.
[The animals] will greet you and acquaint you with their harmful and beneficial
qualities. Every sort of creature will acquaint you with its proclamation of
majesty and praise. Pay attention to this: If you become aware of all these
worlds as engaged in the same dhikr which occupies you, your perception is imaginationai, not real. It
is your own state which is called up for you in all existent things. But when
you witness in them the varieties of their own dhikr, that is sound perception. This ascent is the ascent of dissolution
of the order of nature, and the state of contraction (qabJ) will accompany you in these worlds. 12
Then after this, He reveals to you the infusion of the world of
life-force into lives, and what influences this has in every being according to
its predisposition, and how the expressions [of faith] are included in this
infusion. 13
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the
"surface signs."14 You will be admonished with terrors,
and many sorts of states will befall you. You will see clearly the apparatus of
transformations: how the dense becomes subtle and the subtle dense. And if you
do not stop with this, the light of the scattering of sparks will become
visible to you, and there will be a need to veil yourself from it. Do not be afraid,
and persevere in the dhikr, for if you persevere in the dhikr, disaster will not overcome you.
If you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the light of the
ascendant stars15 and the form of the universal order.16 And
you will see directly the adab, the proper conduct, for entering the Divine Presence and the adab for standing before the Real and the adab for leaving His presence for Creation; and the perpetual
contemplation by the different aspects of the Divine Names (al-asma’
al-ilahiyya) "the Manifest"
and "the Hidden"; and the Perfection of which not everyone becomes
aware. For all that passes away from the aspect of the Manifest comes under the
aspect of the Hidden. The essence is one. Nothing has passed away.
And after this, you will know the means of receiving divine
knowledge from God Most High, and how one must prepare oneself for its
reception. So know the proper conduct of receiving and giving, contraction and
expansion; and how to protect the heart, which is the place of the arrival of states,
from burning destruction; and that all the ways are circles. There is no
straight line. This letter is too brief to deal with matters like these.
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the
The One who plans and rules the universe and all that happens
therein. The generous Pardoner of repentant sinners, the Benefactor
without conditions.
JOURNEY TO THE LORD OF POWER degrees of speculative sciences, sound
integral ideas, and the forms of perplexing questions which confuse
understanding. He reveals the difference between supposition and knowledge,
the birth of possibilities between the world of spirits and the physical world,
17 the cause of that genesis, the infusion of the Divine Mystery
into the domain of His loving concern, 18 the cause of abandoning the world by effort or otherwise— and other
related matters which require long explanations.
And if you do not stop with all of this, He reveals to you the
world of formation and adornment and beauty, what is proper for the intellect
to dwell upon from among the holy forms, the vital breathings from beauty of
form and harmony, and the overflow of languour and tenderness and mercy in all
things characterized by them. And from this level comes the sustenance of
poets, while from the one before comes the sustenance of preachers.
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the degrees of
the qutb. All that you witnessed before is from the world of the left hand,
not from the world of the right hand. And this is the place of the heart. If He
manifests this world to you, you will know the reflections, and the endlessness
of endlessnesses, and the eternity of eternities, and the order of existences
and how being is infused into them. You are given the divine wisdoms and the
power to preserve them and integrity to transmit them to the wise, and you are
given the power of symbols and a view of the whole, and authority over the veil
and the unveiling.
And ifyoudo not stop with this, He reveals to you the world of
fever and rage and zeal for truth and falsehood; the foundation of apparent
difference in the world, the variation of forms, discord and hatred. And if you
do not stop with this, He reveals to you the world of jealousy and the
unveiling of the Truth before the more perfect of His faces; sound opinions,
true schools, and revealed traditions; and you will see as a knower that God
Most High has adorned them, among the holy knowledges, with the most beautiful
adornments. And there is nothing that pertains to a station which He reveals to
you that does not greet you with honor, reverence, and exaltation; its degree
of the Divine Presence is made clear to you, and [ each one] loves you in its
essence.1’
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the world of
dignity and serenity and firmness; the ruse (makr), the enigmas and the secrets, and other matters of that sort. And
if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the world of bewilderment and
helplessness and inability and the treasuries of works; and this is the highest
heaven.20
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the Gardens:
the degrees of their ascending steps, their blending into one another, and how
they compare to one another in their pleasure. And you are stopped on the
narrow path and brought to the brink of Hell, and look down upon the degrees of
its descending steps, how they blend into one another and how they compare to
one another in their rigor. He reveals to you the works connected to each of
these two abodes. And if
Allah the Ever-Living One, the Owner of all knowledge and power,
the Self-Sustaining by whom all subsists, the All-Pervasive, the Only
One, without partner or likeness.
you do not stop with this, He reveals one of the sanctuaries where
spirits are absorbed in the Divine Vision. In it they are drunken and
bewildered. The power of ecstasy has conquered them, and their state beckons
you.
And if you do not stop with this beckoning, a light is revealed in
which you do not see anything other than yourself. In it a great rapture and
deep transport of love seizes you, and in it you find bliss with God that you
have not known before. All that you saw previously becomes small in your eyes,
and you sway like a lamp.21
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals the [original] forms
of the sons of Adam. And veils are lifted. And veils descend.22 And they have a
special praise which upon hearing you recognize, and you are not overcome.23
You see your form among them, and from it you recognize the moment which you
are in.
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the Throne of
Mercy (sarir al-rabmaniyya). Everything is upon it. If you regard everything you will see the
totality of what you knew in it, and more than this: no world or essence
remains that you do not witness there. Search for yourself in everything: If it
is appropriate, you will know your destination and place and the limit of your
degree, and which Divine Name is your Lord and where your portion of gnosis and
sainthood exist—the form of your uniqueness.
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the Pen, the
First Intellect, the master and teacher of everything. You
JOURNEY TO THE LORD OF POWER examine its tracing and know the
message it bears and witness its inversion, and its reception and
particularization of the comprehensive [knowledge] from the angel aJ-Nuni.24
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals the Mover of the Pen,
the right hand of the Truth.25
And if you do not stop with this, you are eradicated,26
then withdrawn,27 then effaced, then crushed,28 then obliterated.
When the effects of eradication and what follows are terminated,
you are affirmed,2’ then made present, then made to remain, then gathered
together, then assigned. And the robes of honor which [your degree] requires
are conferred upon you, and they are many.
Then you return to your path and examine all that you saw in
different forms until you return to the world of your limited earthly senses.
Or [you will hold fast] there where you were absent; and the destination of
every seeker depends upon the road which he traveled.
Among [the ones who complete this journey] are those entrusted with
His Word, and among them are those not entrusted with His Word. And whoever is
entrusted with a Word, no matter which Word it is, becomes the inheritor of the
prophet of that language. * This is what is referred to by the
• Each prophet manifests a particular aspect of the
divine discourse, and “speaks’ ’ in the ' ‘language’ ’ of that aspect,
embodying a Word. The saints who realize these perfect
relationships are thus
Allah,
may His glory be exalted. (Allah, the word of glory (lafz al- jelal), is
the personal name (ism al-dhat) of God, the name of His essence and His
totality. It is written with four letters. When the initial letter, alif
is removed, the three remaining letters are the symbol of the universe, of
existence, which consists of the visible world (dunya); and the invisible
heavens above the starry firmament; purgatory ' (-haczakh) and heaven;
the hereafter (akhira). The first letter, alif. is the source of
all, and the last letter, hu [He], is Allah's most perfect attribute
free from all associations.) people of this Way when they say that so-and-so
is of Moses or Abraham or Enoch. Included among them is the trustee of two or
three or four, or even more Words. The Perfected One is entrusted with the
collectivity of Words, and he is of Muhammad panicularly.
While he is at his destination, as long as he does not return, the
seeker is called "one who stops" (waqif). Those who stop include the ones who are absorbed in that station,
as for instance Abu-'Iqal and others. In it [God] takes them and in it they are resurrected.30 The classification waqif also includes the ones who are sent back (mardudun). These aree more perfect than the absorbed ones (mustahljkun), if they equal each other in station. If [one seeker] is absorbed
in a higher station than that from which [another seeker] returns, then we do
not say that the returned one is higher. The condition for drawing a comparison
is the mutual resemblance of the two. If that condition is met, then the
returned one lives, having descended from the station of the absorbed one, so
that he reaches the degree of the absorbed one and surpasses him in drawing
near, surpasses him in coming down, and excels him in development and reception
of knowledge.
As for the returned ones, there are two types of men among them.
There is one who returns to himself alone; he is the
inheritors
of the prophets who first manifested them. The Prophet Muhammad. as the Seal or
Completion of the prophets. holds within himself all of these prophetic
Words.—Trans. descender whom we have mentioned. This sort of man is the
gnostic, ‘arif among us. He returns to perfecting himself from
other than the road which he traveled. Also among them is the one who is sent
back to Creation with the language of direction and guidance. He is the
inheriting knower, ‘alim.
Not all summoners to God and inheritors are in the same station,
but the station of their calling gathers them together, and some of them surpass
others in degree. As God Most High said, "We have made some of these
messengers excel over others” [Koran 2:253]. Among the inheritors are summoners
in the Word of Moses and Jesus and Shem and Noah and Isaac and Ishmael and Adam
and Enoch and Abraham and Joseph and Aaron, and others; these are the Sufis.
They are the adepts of states, in comparison to the masters among us.31 Among [the inheritors]
are also summoners in the Word of Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him);
these are the Malamiyya, the adepts of permanence and realities.
And when they summon Creation to God Most High, among them is the
one who calls them from the door of fana ' in the reality of servitude, (‘ubudiyya).32 [This fana' is referred to by] His saying (may He be exalted) "even as 1
created you before when you were nothing" [Koran 19:9]. And among them is
the one who calls from the door of attention to servitude, which is lowliness
and need and what the station of servitude requires. And among them is the one
who calls from the door of attention to the Merciful nature; and the one who
calls from the door of attention to the Vanquishing nature; and
Allah the J I.\st, the one who knows the inner essence of things
and the
hidden. The one who is beneficent to His creation in the finest of
ways. Allah the Clement.
the one
who calls from the door of attention to the Divine nature, which is the fourth
door and the most sublime of them.**
Know
that prophethood and sainthood both share in three things: one, in knowledge
without acquired learning; two, in action by himma, the heart's intention, in what is customarily
believed not possible except through the body, or that for which the body has
no capacity; three, in seeing the world of images in the sensory world. The two
differ solely in their mode of addressing people, for the discourse of the
saint is other than the discourse of the prophet.14
Do not
suppose that the ascents of the saints equal the ascents of the prophets. This
is not so, because ascents require particular undertakings. If saints and
prophets shared in the same business by virtue of making the same ascent, then
saints would be the same as prophets, and that is not the case with us.*s
Although the two classes share a common ground—the stations of divine
realization—still the ascent of the prophets is through the fundamental light
itself, while the ascent of the saints is through what is providentially
granted by that light.** Though both [a saint and a prophet] might be in the
station of Trust, for instance, it would not present the same aspect in both cases. Superiority is not found in the
station of realization, but in its aspect. The aspects of trust depend upon the
ones who trust, and the case is the same in every state and station of fana’ and baqa', union and separation, harmony and discord, and
so forth.
And know that every saint of God Most High receives what he
receives through the spiritual mediation of the prophet whose sacred Way he
follows, and it is from that station that he contemplates. And there are those
who know that, and those who do not know it and say, "God said to
me"; but this is nothing other than the spiritual nature [of their
prophet]. And there are secrets of His subtlety here for which these pages,
intended only as an introduction, are too narrow.
Among the saints of the community of Muhammad—the Gatherer of the
states of the prophets, peace and blessings be upon him—there may be an
inheritor of the state of Moses, but he inherits from the Light of Muhammad,
not from the Light of Moses. His state is from Muhammad, just as the state of
Moses was from Muhammad. Sometimes a saint near his death will appear to pay
heed to Moses or Jesus. Ordinary people and those without knowledge imagine
that he has become a Jew or a Christian, since he mentions these prophets at
the point of death, but [in fact this mention] stems from the power of the
awareness which characterizes his station. The qutb, however, belongs directly to the heart of Muhammad. And we have
encountered men belonging to the heart of Jesus—among them is the first shaykh
whom you met—and men belonging to the heart of Moses, and others belonging to
the heart of Abraham, and others [of similar attainment]. And this will remain
a secret to all but our friends.
Know that Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him) is he who gave
all the prophets and messengers their stations in
Allah the Sustainer, the All-Knowing, the one whose orders and
manifestations are wisdom, the Loving One and the only one worthy of love, the
Powerful, Glorious, and Generous. the World of Spirits until he was sent in the
body. 37 We followed him [thus inheriting his direct guidance in the
temporal world]. The prophets who witnessed him, or who descend after him,38
join with us in this, and the saints of the prophets who preceded [his physical
birth] receive [their spiritual inheritance] from Muhammad as well. So the
saints of Muhammad share with the prophets in receiving [direct transmission]
from him. Because of this it is reported in hadith: "The knowers of this
community are like the prophets of Israel." ’ And God Most High said
concerning us, *'• • • in order that you be witnesses of the people" [Koran 22:78];
and He said, concerning the Messengers, “And that day We will raise up from
every community a witness against them from among themselves" [Koran
16:89]. So we and the prophets are the witnesses for their followers. Therefore
devote himma in retreat to the entire legacy of Muhammad.
Know that the certain, enduring, perfect sage is he who treats
every condition and moment in the appropriate manner, and does not confuse
them. This is the state of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) for he
was two bow lengths' distance or less from his Lord; and when he awoke among
his people and mentioned that to those who were present, the polytheists did
not believe him, because no mark [of the ascension] appeared on him, and his
appearance was the same as theirs. This was not possible even for Moses, who,
when the mark [of Divine Revelation] appeared upon him, veiled himself.
Every seeker inevitably will experience the impact of the states,
and the blending of the worlds with one another, but the development from this
stage to the stage of divine wisdom appearing within the customary outward
principles is incumbent upon him. Transcendence of the customary order will
become his secret, so that events beyond the ordinary will accompany him
ordinarily. He will say unceasingly with every breath, "My Lord, increase
me in knowledge while the heavenly sphere turns by Your breath," 39
and let him strive that his Moment be His
breath. When the influence of the Moment befalIs him, he will receive it. Let
him beware of becoming enamored of [the influence of the Moment] but let him
remember it, for it will be necessary to him if he instructs. Most of the
shaykhs are eliminated as teachers only by neglecting to remember what we have
mentioned, and abstaining from it totalIy.
The Moment40 lengthens and shortens in accordance with
the presence of the one who partakes in it. There are those whose Moment is an
hour or a day or a week or a month or a year or once in a lifetime. And
[included] in humanity is the one who has no Moment. For the one who is heedful
of the breaths has the hours in his power, and all that is beyond that; and the
one whose Moment is the presence of the hours loses the breaths; and the one
whose Moment is the days loses the hours; and the one whose Moment is the weeks
loses the days; and the one whose Moment is the years loses the months; and the
one whose Moment is his lifetime loses the years; and
He is the Creator, the Giver of shape and character, the Bestower
of most beneficient gifts, the Pardoner of sins, the Overwhelming One. whoever
has no Moment has no lifetime and loses his afterlife. It does not prolong his
animal himma. And personal elevation indicates the narrowness of one's Moment
and the smallness of his knowledge.
The one who has no Moment is deprived of it only for the duration
of his disease, for as long as he is ruled by his animal nature. For it is not
possible for the door of the invisible world and its secrets to be opened while
the heart craves for them.41 As for the door of contemplative
knowledge of God, it does not open so long as the heart glances toward anything
in the world, visible or invisible.
And know concerning these matters entrusted [to us by God—the
duties of Sacred Law]: If a person seeks them and carries them out, with no
intention (himma) of any undertaking over and above them, except [hope for]
Paradise—he is the worshipper, companion of water and the prayer niche. On the
other hand, if someone's intention is connected to what is beyond worship
without preparation for it, nothing will be revealed to him and his intention
will not profit. On the contrary, such a person resembles one who is diseased.
His strengths and capacities are completely nullified, and with him the will, himma, and ability to act become seriously damaged. How can he possibly
reach what he seeks with his himma? Consequently preparation to perfection, with himma and more, is required.42
And if he reaches the essence of reality, and his intention is
dissolved—and the attainment of what is beyond this has no limit—the attainer
says: "It is not proper other than thus, and that only for the sake of the
astonishment which occurs at the raising of the veils." For through the
knowledge which arises in contemplation he turns to face what is beyond each
appearance: the Truth beyond appearances. For the Apparent One, though He is
one in essence, is infinite in aspects. They are His traces in us.43
And still the knower is thirsty continually forever, and desire and
awe cleave to Him continually forever. And for the like of this let the workers
work, and for the like of this let the contenders contend.
And may the blessings of God be upon our Master Muhammad, and upon
his family and companions; and peace. And praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.
Allah the One whose existence is endless.
NOTES
FROM
THE COMMENTARY OF
'ABDUL-KARIM JILl
NOTES
1.
"a station less than
the station of return. ” Because absorption (istihlak) is a fana ' in which one does not
experience the multiplicity of the manifestations of the Essence or the variety
of its descents into the Presence of the Names. This state of experience of
multiplicity is one of the characteristics of baqa' after fana', and is the cause of
manifestation, the beloved knowledge for the sake of which He created the
world.
2.
"knowledge of the
matrices of realms. " In overview, not in detail. [The Realms] are not derivable
until you know where you come from and where you are and where you are going.
Then you will know in general what each one of them requires by its own essence
or through reference to another Realm, or both. In this way you will be
prepared to behave appropriately according to the Realm you are currently in,
and according to the Realm to which you will be transported by your behavior
here. And I will make clear what these Realms "imply in this place"—that is, in the Realm which
you are in now, not what
they are absolutely. [Their absolute nature] you will encounter
only when you are transported to them, so it is profitless to discuss it. The
seeker must undertake what is most important; he must respect each Realm by
giving it its proper due. For when a seeker is tranported from a Realm, if what
he was required to attain there has escaped him, he will never accomplish it. This
leads to his eternal failure. [According to the hadith] "one of the
beauties of Islam is a man's leaving what does not concern him” and "Time
is a cutting sword; if you do not cut it, it cuts you.” [And as it is said]
"The Sufi is the son of his moment"; and "The present does not
return."
And know that the world vanishes into nonexistence in every moment
by the overwhelming victory of the Unity (ahadiyya) over the multiplcity. And its like is produced [at every moment]
by the authority of essential love. For the world's existence is the instant of
its nonexistence. Thus the Manifest imposes manifestation upon the first
hiddenness, and the world is produced. Next the Hidden imposes hiddenness upon
the first manifestation, and the world vanishes. Then the authority returns to
the Manifest—and so forth, ad infinitum. This is what is termed "renewed
creation” (khalq
jadid). The imaginary prolongation which
seems to result from this flowing of similitudes is Time; and motion is its
measure.
Everything that is other than God is temporal. And if it is
impossible that the [real] duration of an event exceed an instant, then every happening is “the son of its moment, ’ ’ and not other than it.
The event is necessary to its moment, and the
NOTES
moment is necessary to its event. Rather, the moment
essentially determines its event, which cannot be separated out of it. Thus the
moment is the event's locus, or realm (watan). The moments are infinite;
therefore the realms are also infinite.
And know that the renewal of similitudes [which is imagined
as Time] proceeds so that a thing vanishes and its like follows it—White
becomes nonexistent, and White is produced. If it were to vanish and its
opposite follow it—if White is made to vanish and Black is produced—that would
alter the nature of things.
And if the loci of the similitudes are their moments, the
loci of the moments would be the forms from which the similitudes are renewed.
The Universal Realms, in relation to the totality of the realms, resemble the
matrix composed of these forms, and for this reason the shaykh said, “The
Realms is a term for the substrata of the moments in which things come to exist
and experience actually occurs;'' that is to say, by proceeding from
nonexistence to existence by renewed creation. This substratum is where the
happening is while it happens. So understand, for it is a delicate point.
“It is necessary,’’ O student, after your
knowledge of the Realms, "that you know what the Truth wants from you
in any Realm’’ in which you are present “so that you hasten to it"
and produce it in the best fashion “without hesitation" that is,
without engagement in a matter that hinders you from it, for that leads to your
destruction, “and without resistance" which
71
you find in yourself owing to the difficulty of what God
asks of you—for that leads to your laziness and failure to produce it
immediately.
3.
“The Realms" about which we have
promised to inform you, “although many" from the point of view of
their particularity and their enumeration’s surpassing human capacity, “are all derived" comprehensively "from six."
"Thefirst Realm” is the Realm of "Am I not your Lord?" This is the Realm where you
were before your physical existence, in the form of an atom among a crowd of
spirits. And you knew what God wished of you in this Realm when He caused you
to know that He had designated your singularity out of sheer generosity and
kindness. So you hastened to accomplish [what was desired of you there]
immediately, without hesitating, because He willed it and demanded it directly.
The authority of His Will is irresistible, especially when demand is
simultaneous with it through removal of intermediaries.
That which he asked of you in that Realm was affirmation of
His Lordship. He said (may He be exalted) "And when your Lord took the
sons of Adam from their manifestation as atoms and called them to witness
against themselves: 'Am I not your Lord?’ They
answered: Yes" [Koran 7: 172]. And here is a subtle secret known by one
who is familiar with the reality of duty and responsibility.
Then when you descended from the pinnacle of the world
NOTES
of spirits to the depths of the world of bodies, you forgot
that Realm and what happened to you in it. And if you turn to God searchingly,
you will remember, God willing, [your affirmation of his Lordship ]. And you
will say, in that event, what the Seal of the Saints of Muhammad [Shaykh Ibn ‘
Arabi], may God be pleased with him, said in verse:
I bore witness to you as King before our existence Through
what the eye saw in a handful of atoms, A particular witness whose being I now
understand.
At the time of testimony there was no deception, The road I
took was plainly and joyfully taken.
I was not a prisoner in the grip of confinement.
The shaykh has referred to the separation from this Realm
by his comment "our physical existence has removed usfrom this Realm.
"
"The world we are now in"’ [The second Realm],
according to the shaykh, runs from the concave surface of the Sphere of
Heavenly Mansions to the surface of the earth.
"The Interval" (al-barzakh; the third Realm) is the
barrier between this world and the next. The shaykh (may God be pleased with
him) said:
Know that “interval" is an expression for something
which separates two other things, like the dividing line between sun and shade,
and as He said—may He be exalted—concerning the mixture of the two seas.
"Between them is a barrier (barzakh) which they cannot cross" [Koran SS:20],
The meaning of "they cannot cross" is that they cannot mix with one
another because of this partition which divides them. The sense of sight does
not discern it. When suddenly it is perceived. the barrier does not exist. And
when the barrier is between the known and the unknown. the nonexistent and the
existent. the negated and the affirmed ,. and the rational and the irrational. it is
called Interval—and [this Interval] is the imagination.
For if you perceive it—and you are rational—you know that your
vision has encountered an existent thing. while you know unequivocally that it
is not a "thing" completely and fundamentally. And what is this whose
"thingness" is affirmed and denied simultaneously? The imagination is
not existent or nonexistent. not known or unknown. not negated and not
affirmed. And the human being travels to this reality in his sleep and after
his death. and he sees descriptive qualities as existing embodied forms. and
there is no doubt of that. And the intuitive person sees in his waking state
what the sleeper sees in the state of sleep and the deceased sees after death.
"Thefourth
Realm is the Resurrection" and
it is the gathering of men "on the awakening earth" [see Koran 79: 14]. It is the
surface of the earth, and is called "awakening" because
in it are their wakefulness and sleep. The shaykh said:
Know, O brother,
when the people stand in their graves and God Most High wills that the earth
become other than the earth, that the earth will stretch by the permission of
God and a bridge will be made over the darkness. The whole creation will be
upon it. Then God will transform the earth as He wills, how He wills, into
another earth called "awake"; and it is an earth in the knowledge of
God: Nothing sleeps upon it. God Glorious and Exalted will stretch it like a
skin. In the expansion of it that He wills He will strengthen the weakness of
what it was [by stretching it out] from twenty-one parts to ninety-nine: He
will stretch it like a skin. You will not see in it crookedness or deviation.
"and the
return to the original condition." This original condition" (hafira) by its etymological origins means the way in which a man came. It
is said "so-and-so returned in his original condition" when he
returned as he came. And the meaning of the saying "I am of those who
return in the original condition" is that we return living after death.
"The fifth
Realm is the Garden," and it is
between the concavity of the starless sphere and the convexity of the Sphere of
Heavenly Mansions, and "the Fire, ” which is from the concavity of the Sphere of Heavenly Mansions to
the
center of the earth. For the seven heavens and the elements
will change their form, after the division and judgment, into Hell.
‘‘The sixth Realm is the Sand Dune" [See Koran 73: 14]. It is a hill of white musk
where the creatures are at the time of the vision of God Glorious and Exalted.
It is "outside the Garden" because it is in the Garden of Eden
which is the stronghold and citadel outside the other Gardens. The majority of
people will not enter the Presence and Qualities of the King except by virtue
of visiting this place.
"In each of these" six Realms to which we have
alluded "are places which are Realms within Realms, and the realization
of them in their multiplicity is not within human power. In our situation we
need only an explanation of the Realm of this world, which is the place of
responsibility, trial" that is, testing, "and works,"
which necessitate [Divine] blessing in the Realms which follow. For there is no
Realm among the Realms which is the site of obligation [specifically, the
obligation to choose God's service, (taklif)] except this one. This fact
points to the secret of [the saying] "The moment does not extend its
reward."
And if you were to say that the moral responsibility of
children and madmen will certainly arrive in the Realm of the Resurrection, and
that our present world is the root of the remainder of Realms, so that the
Realms of the Interval, the Resurrection, the Garden and Fire, and the Sand
Dune are degrees belonging to the manifestation of this worldly Realm, you
might consequently hold that all these Realms depend specifically on
obligation. Understand that this is not the case. For if you consider it, you
will find that obligation is a [constituting] reality of the Realm of the
present world. However, if it appears in the Resurrection, it does not appear
there because it is essential that it do so. The Resurrection, unlike the Realm
of the present world, does not fundamentally require obligation. It requires
reckoning and apportionment— nothing else. Similarly, if [the present world]
requires obligation by its essential structure, it might also require
apportionment through something other than its essential structure, just as the
Resurrection acquires obligation through something other than its essence.
And the shaykh does not allude [ further] to the matrices
of Realms, but states that we have no need to describe any of them here except
for the Realm of the present world.
4. "absorption in the Real
by means of obliteration from the worlds. ’’This is a technical turn
of phrase. The shaykh said that "obliteration" (mahq) is your
appearing in existence in the world, through Him, in vice-regency and
deputyship from Him, so that the dominion of the world belongs to you. And
"obliteration of obliteration" (mahq al-mahq) is your
appearing in His veil. In "obliteration of obliteration" you veil
Him, so people encounter you as a creation without right [ of rule]. For they cannot know that God sent you as a veil
before them until they turn their eyes to Him. Thus "obliteration of
obliteration" stands in contrast to “ obliteration"; it is not an exaggerated
development of obliteration. Rather, it is like “the nonexistence of
nonexistence.’ '
Indeed the servant at his departure from the presence of God to the
Creation is endowed with the means of acting as a ruler among the people. Of
this they are not conscious, although they may have heard of some of these
rulers as Messengers (the peace and blessings of God be upon them) whom God
once sent as his vice-regents on earth in order to impart His judgment. God has
concealed this capacity in the inheritors [of the prophets], who are
nonetheless vice-regents even when there is no awareness of them.
And know that among the people of God "obliteration of
obliteration" is completed in this world, and "obliteration" is
completed in the next. And only the most elect of the people of God succeed
with the obliteration of obliteration; it is for the illuminated intellects.
The elect succeed with obliteration; it is for the illuminated souls. May God
make us part of the obliteration of His obliteration, and may His right be
attributed to Him alone.
5. "the masters among us are scornful of
this." We are not
advocating contemplation and fana' and absorption in the Real by obliteration in this world. Indeed "the
masters among us"— companies of
saints— "are
scornful of this. "
Pertaining to this is His saying, may He be exalted: ‘ 'The Messiah by no means
disdained that he is a servant of God" [Koran4: 172]. "Because
it is a waste of time" which we ought
not to spend except in struggle, observation, and
the acquisition of the divine sciences of piety; and because it means “a
loss oJ[true] rank" in vision and obliteration in the next world.
For the vision of God in the next world corresponds to the
measure of the knowledge of God acquired here. Therefore, this world is for the
acquisition of knowledge with effort. The next is the abode of ease and
contemplation. In the time you spend in contemplation in this world you lose a
knowledge which, had you acquired it, would have increased your contemplation
in the next. Thus contemplation in this world, which brings about your lack of
acquisition of this knowledge, is a loss of contemplative rank to you in the
next world, for contemplation corresponds to the measure of knowledge. You
contemplated Him in this world only after knowing Him to some extent,
and you beheld only the form of your knowledge. That knowledge which formed the
basis of your contemplation was acquired in the pursuit of a greater
knowledge. Had you attained the greater knowledge, your contemplation would
have correspondingly deepened. If contemplation escapes you in this world on
account of the pursuit of knowledge, it will not escape you in the next; but if
knowledge escapes you in this world on account of contemplation—for it is a Jana
’ with which there is no consciousness—contemplation will escape you in
the next. This is loss of visionary rank.
As for its loss in regard to obliteration: Know that
manifestation of deputyship and vice-regency is not suitable except in the next
world, where there is neither obligation nor
JOURNEY TO THE LORD OF POWER
petrification of categories of being. In the next world
[duplicating the Koranic description of the creative action of God], man says to a thing ‘'Be,’ ’
and it is. Thus it was reported that God sends to the people of the Garden a
message with the following contents (and God knows best): “A letter from the
Life Everlasting to the Life Everlasting. I say to a thing 'Be,' and it is, and
I have made you to say to a thing ‘Be,’ and it is," —and they do not say
to a thing "Be" except that it is-. This is the essence of the
manifestation of vice-regency, and the world is not suitable for that. For this
world is the house of work and responsibility, and the degree to which
vice-regency appears here, is the degree to which it is lost in the next world.
As God Most High has said, ‘ ‘ You used up your blessings in the life of this
world" [Koran 46:20].
However, this is the case onlywhen the manifestation of the
vice-regency in this world is not from the Divine Order. When it is from the
Divine Order—as it was for the Messengers— they do not scorn it for what it
contains of what "associates the Realm’’— which is this world— "with that which is
unsuitable to it ”: the manifestation of vice-regency and the abandonment
of the acquisition of knowledge.
6. "khalwa." The shaykh said:
"Know—and may God Most High grant us success—that the root of khalwa is in the Sacred Law: ‘
Whoever remembers Me in himself I remember him in Myself, and whoever remembers
Me in assembly, I remember him in an assembly
better than his' [hadith qudsi].” The root of khalwa
is al-khala’, the void in which the world existed [before its creation].
7.
"It is better
ifyourfood be nourishing’’ so that the constitution will not become imbalanced with a
predominance of dryness, "but devoid of animal fat" because
animal fat strengthens animality, and its principles will dominate the
spiritual principles.
8.
"If there should be an
influence which alters the constitution, ’’ like the pains which used to
seize the Messenger of God from the advent of Gabriel upon him and [the
Koran's] descent upon his pure heart. This state was expressive of [Gabriel's]
presence. Because [angelic nature] is not compatible with [man's nature], it
used to be very difficult for the Prophet; his constitution was strained, and
his brow would perspire.
9.
"you will not undergo
any alteration in form." If the influx were to originate at the level of abstract
essences and arrive upon you at the level of the world of images, then you
would suffer no alteration in form through its influence in you.
10.
"until God drives the
demonic influencesfrom it [your heart], " For God is the companion of
the one who mentions Him, and the devil is distant from God Most High; so God
and the devil are never found in the same company.
II. "Ifyou
are offered something to drink" in this unveiling, "choose water, " for it is the form of absolute knowledge. "If there
is no water among the offerings, choose milk, ’’ the symbol of pure original religion, as the Messenger, peace and
blessings be upon him, did when he ascended to Heaven [and was presented with a
similar choice]. For milk is the form of knowledge of the sacred Ways. "A nd
ifboth of them are presented toyou, combine the water and the milk" because that is the form of the relationship between the remainder
of knowledges and the ordained sacred legal knowledge, that is, the relation of
each one of them to it and its relation to each of them. "This also
applies to honey: Drink it, " for
it is the form of the permissible philosophical knowledge and the sanctified
systems laid down by philosophers and deviated priesthoods for the purpose of
pleasing God. "Be careful of drinking wine" unmixed. You will be led astray by it—for it is the form of the
knowledge of states— "unless it is mixed with rainwater, " which is the form of knowledge granted [by God], by which you will
be rightly guided. The states, when devoid of divinely granted knowledges which
contain no error, mislead those that partake of them. "Even If
it is mixed with the water of rivers and springs, " which is the form of natural knowledge, "refrainfrom
drinking it" because it
leads to heresy and apostasy and the corruption of opinions. And if it were mixed
with well-water, which is the form of intellectual knowledge, it is the same.
For- when the states are muddled by thought, error increases and correctness
diminishes. Drink the water of rivers and springs unmixed, and also when mixed
with rainwater or milk, but do not drink it when mixed with well-water or
honey. And do not drink well-water unless it is mixed with rainwater or milk.
12. "This
ascent is the ascent of dissolution" because material origins dissolve in it, as the shaykh has
indicated. And their disintegration is only in relation to the consciousness of
the seeker, as their arrangement was only by relation to his consciousness. You
certainly will know the reality of that. This dissolution is only of "the
order" among the
elements in the exterior world.
• •. You know that "the state of contraction (qabd) will accompany you" in your discovery and examination of all of "these
worlds" because you
are in the ascent of dissolution in which your essence vanishes; and that
requires contraction, without a doubt.
13. "the
infusion of the world of life force" • • • like the life that appeared through the hand of Jesus, upon whom
be peace, in those living creatures that were vivified because of him, as for
instance the human dead whom he raised and the birds of clay which he brought
to life. The effect this life-force had in every dead creature which he brought
to life by it corresponded to the pre-existent structure of that being. For
instance, if the essence were the essence of a bird, a bird came to life, and if
the essence were the essence of a man, a man came to life, the life-force
remaining a single reality [independent of the bird, the man, and any other
revivified form]. Its effects differ in accordance with the varieties of
pre-existent structure exposed to it.
"And how the expressions [offaith] are included in
this infusion, ” as, for instance, His saying (may He be exalted) "when
you shaped from clay the likeness of a bird by My permission, and blew upon it
and it was a bird, by My permission, and you healed him who was born blind and
the leper by My permission, and when you raised the dead by My permission"
[Koran 5: 110], and His saying "I breathe into it and it becomes a bird, by
Allah's leave, I heal him born blind and the leper and I raise the dead, by Allah's
leave” [Koran 3:49].
14. "surface signs. ” I do not know the meaning
of the " surface signs” (al-lawa’ih al-lawhiyya), but we have
knowledge of the "signs of state.”
. • . Know that the shaykh, may God be pleased with him,
said: " ‘The signs' (Jawa’ih), to the People of God, means the
elevation from state to state that begins to appear to their inner sensitivity.
To us, it means the essential lights—the transcendent glory seen from the
perspective of affirmation rather than of negation—and the lights of the Divine
Names which appear at the contemplation of their effects. All this becomes
visible to the eye unrestricted by greed. ’ ’ So you will distinguish these
lights.
As for the elevation from state to state, it is that one
does not return to a state after having left it for something higher.
The object [of a state] is the divine influences and
knowledges of God which it brings. [The states themselves] are stages, not
gifts of special grace. They may return repeatedly, but the one experiencing
them does not offer praise for them except when they increase his knowledge of
God, [which is not necessarily the case].
15.
"the light of the ascendant
stars. ” The shaykh said: " 'The ascendant stars' (tawali ') is a technical expression
used to mean the lights of the declaration of unity (tawhid) arising in
the hearts of the gnostics, which extinguish the rest of the
lights"—meaning the lights of speculative proofs, not those of prophetic,
revelatory proofs. And they extinguish as well the lights of intuition. This is
the tawhid desired by God from His worshipper. The part of speculative
thought in it is only the declaration of unity of degree; His existence as the
object of worship particularly, so that there is nothing that can be worshipped
other than He. Concerning this, he says, the evidence is clear.
16.
"the form of the
universal order. " This is an expression for the appearance of God in the
form of Creation. And you will know that the essential existence is composed of
haqq, Truth, and khalq, Creation; but you will not attain this
until you pass beyond the light of the ascendant stars.
17.
"the degrees of
speculative sciences" corresponding to actuality. You will know which of them are
higher and which of them are lower and which should precede and which should
follow. And He reveals to you the reality of "sound integral ideas" straight and
free from error "and the forms of perplexing questions which confuse
understanding” so that the constitutions of those who consider
them become unbalanced, "and the difference between supposition and knowledge "—and there
are few among the people of knowledge who know this. Most observers make no
difference between them in most cases. And "the birth of possibilities between the world of spirits and the
physical world” as Jesus was brought to birth between Mary and
Gabriel, peace be upon them, and the soul between the spirit and the body; and
the cause of this conception.
18. "the
infusion of the Divine Mystery in the domain ofHis loving concern. ” This is the unity of the Essence in the world of the Names, the
unity of the Intellect in the world of spirits, and the unity of the Throne in
the world of bodies. This unity is the essence of mercy. The unity penetrates
into the people of God's concern until it pervades their essences, their
attributes, and their actions as it pervades the Divine Essence, Intellect, and
Throne, and that character appears in the king and the ant among them. With the
people of misfortune the opposite applies.
But if you can climb with me and follow me, say: There is no
misfortune. For the Divine Mystery pervades the entirety of the world, and
there is no misfortune. All of what God has arranged is the domain of
His loving concern, because it is in the grasp of the Real. What is in His
grasp is near Him, and what is near God is good and preserved; misfortune is
evil and there is no evil in Him. So understand! I have approached by steps in
these words a sea of realities and knowledges. If you attain the depth of it
and bring out its pearls, then you are the master of your moment. And God, may
He be exalted, is the Guide. There is no Lord other than Him.
19.
“And there is nothing that
pertains to a station, " to any state or station previously mentioned, “which
He reveals to you" among the heavens, the elements, and the living
creatures “that does not greet you with honor, reverence, and exaltation;
its degree of the Divine Presence is made clear to you, and [each one] loves
you in its essence. " This is a test of God Most High, so that He
knows the soundness of your concentration on Him and the sincerity of your
search for Him and your turning away from what is other than He. If you become
enamored of the precious things that He unfolds before you and stop with them,
you will be driven from His door and lost. And if you persevere in His quest
and turn away from other than Him and arrive in His Holy Presence, you triumph
and are victorious and gain command, by His order, over all that had been
spread before you.
20.
"the world of
bewilderment.’’ He made it a world of “bewilderment and helplessness
and inability" because the light of
the inexpressible being-nature of God (huwiyya)
encompasses it, and no one can see it or perceive it through the intensity of
its light. And gazing upon the being-nature bequeaths life, as cannot be
denied.
21.
"andyou sway like a
lamp’’ in the blowing of the breeze. Know (may God have mercy
upon you) that this place is a stage demanding the greatest courage from
seekers. For if they arrive in it and this oneness manifests itself to them,
and this light which the shaykh has mentioned rises upon them, they suppose
that they have arrived in the Presence of the Unity (ahadiyya) and
triumphed in the essential revelation. This occurs because of the Divine bliss
they find in this stage and the fact that any reality other than their own is
absent from it. So, O Seeker on these paths, if you arrive at this revelation,
do not be bound by it, and do notdesire it for its bliss and delight.
22.
"And veils are lifted.
And veils descend" upon "theformsofthe sons of Adam. " And
this is because when the first of us [Adam] disobeyed God Most High, his form
altered. A veil from the Name al-Sattar, the Veiler, descended between
[Adam's altered form] and the rest of the forms so that they did not know what
had befallen the man, or the alteration with which his transgression had marked
him. When he repented, his form returned to what it had been. So the veil was
lifted from Adam and the rest of the forms saw him in his original state. This
issues from the mercy and generosity of God . . . .
23. "a
special praise which upon hearing you recognize. ” And it is: "Exalted is He Who reveals the beautiful and conceals
the ugly. "
24. "And
if you do not stop with this, "that is,
with the Throne of the Merciful, "He reveals to you • • • the
First Intellect” which is the
first teacher, and the first existence of the world of record and inscription.
It is the director and emanator of everything by permission and order of God
Most High. Hence it is "the master of everything”, "everything" meaning the Throne, the Soul of the
Universe. For the Intellect transmits to the Soul all that is received from God
Most High. When the Throne is called a Tablet, the Intellect is the Pen (al-qalam) which writes upon it; when it is called a Soul, the Intellect is
its Master. Thus the Intellect is its "teacher.”
"You examine its tracing” in
the realities of the world and the reality of its state, and. know "the
message it bears• • • • And witness its inversion” insofar as it is a Pen, for the sake of writing on the Tablet. For,
when you write with a Pen, it is inverted. And you witness "its
reception” of the comprehensive knowledge [as
in filling a pen with ink], and the "particularization
of the comprehensive [knowledge]” in
the Tablet “from
the angel al-Nuni." In regard to
learning His language, they are like the governing and governed elements of a
genitive construction.
Know that the shaykh wrote in his book 'Uqlat
al-mustawfiz ("The
Spell of the Obedient Servant") that there is no mediator between the
Intellect and the Creator, Glory to Him, although it is said that
between Him and it is an angel called al- Nuni ["like the letter nun,"
the Abbreviated Letter which opens the Seventieth Sura of the Koran, called the
Pen], which comprises the universal knowledge and is like an inkwell, the
Intellect like a pen, and the Soul like a tablet. This is not correct. Rather
the Intellect in regard to the comprehensiveness of knowledge in its essence
is called al-Nuni; and activating the details of this knowledge by
writing them on the Tablet is called the Pen.
25. "And ifyou donot stop with this, "that
is, withthe Master of everything which is the Highest Pen, "He reveals
the Mover" of this Pen. It is "the right hand of the
Truth," meaning His attributes of Beauty, for they are what is
required for the existence of the world. This is why they activate the Pen. So
understand; if God wills, you shall be rightly guided.
And if you do not stop with this He reveals to you the
Enraptured Angels created from the Cloud. And if you do not stop with them, He
reveals to you the Cloud in which our Lord existed before He created the world*
and the Word, the message of the Sublime to us, opened us into His reality. The
shaykh, may God Most High be pleased with him, said:
The Cloud is the seat of the name "the Lord" (al-
*The Prophet was asked: "Where was your Lord before
the creation of the world?" He replied: "In a cloud. There was no
space either above or below. " —Trans.
Rabb) as the Throne is the seat of the name "the Merciful” (al-Rahman). The Cloud is the first of things. Within it appeared the
conditions of space and degree in Him Who does not enter into place or degree.
From it manifested the substrata [of all possible existences], so that it
receives the abstract essences of embodiment (al-ma'ani
al-jismaniyya) of the sensory
and imaginai worlds. It is an exalted existent whose abstract essence is the
Truth; it is the truth by which everything is created, and not other than God
Most High. It is the entity in which the source-forms of all beings are fixed
and abide. It receives the reality of possibilities and the condition of place
and the rank of degree, and the name "the Site." And from the earth
to this Cloud there are no Names of God Most High except Names of actions. In
the whole world, intelligible and perceivable, between these two extremes,
there is no trace of anything other than this in existence.
And know that if you do not stop with the Cloud, He reveals to you
the Breath of the Merciful (al-nafas al-rahmani). It is the source of the Cloud.
And if you do not stop with this, He reveals to you the side of the
Names of Transcendence. Then Names of actions depart. You will learn the
knowledge of negation, and be honored above the whole of the world. And you
will know the degree necessary to you.
26. "And
if you do not stop with this" you
are raised to the essential oneness and "eradicated” there. The shaykh said:
Eradication (mahw) to the elect, may God be pleased with them, is eradication of
habitual characteristics and the removal of defect, and of what the Real veils
and negates. He—may He be exalted—said, "God eradicates and establishes what He wills" [Koran 13:39].
Consequently He established eradication. Among the legalists, this is expressed
as "abrogation." It is a divine abrogation. God Most High raises
[whom He chooses] and eradicates him after he has had a determination in
positive existence and being. This, both in things and in their principles,
means the termination of the interval . allotted to their existence, and
crossing the boundary which continues to "an appointed time" [Koran
6:2]. For He said, "Everything continues to an appointed time and is
established until a designated moment" [Koran 20: 129]. Then He eliminates
its determination, not its essential form ('ayn), for He said "continuing
to an appointed time" [and the essential forms do not exist in time]. And when the
appointed time arrives his "continuation" (or "flow")
ceases, but his original form remains.
27. "then
withdrawn." The Shaykh
said:
Absence (ahayba), to the people, is the hean's absence from knowledge of what passes
in the world, through its being occupied with what impresses it. When it is
merely this, it is only absence from a divine manifestation. It is not correct
that absence be through some created thing that moves one; [rather it should
be] because one is [truly] occupied, absent from the conditions of the world.
And by this the Group [of the people of Truth] is distinguished from others,
because absence [per se] exists virtually in all groups. The absence of this
party is with truth, from creation, so in relation to them [absence] is noble
and praiseworthy.
And the people of God Most High have degrees of absence, although
they are all absences in truth. The absence of the gnostics is absence with
truth from truth; the absence of the rest of the people of God Most High is
absence with truth from Creation. The absence of the greatest of the knowers of
God is an absence with Creation from Creation, because they have realized that
there is no existence except God, Who shapes the possible determinations of the
unchanging original forms.
28. "then
crushed. ” This is an expression for the
disappearance of the structure of your reality through the dominating power of
the disclosure of the Essential Oneness.
29. "you are affirmed. " The shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:
Affirmation [or fixity; ithbat] is the predestined order of the whole world. So whoever seeks the
repeal of the habitual order certainly violates adab. the rule of right conduct, and is ignorant. What some people call
the disruption of habit is itself a habit, since the constant disruption of
habit is a habit.
So custom is not obliterated except in its affirmation. But [for
this to be the case] the one who undertakes this affirmation must be connected
to the Real, and it must be for the sake of this connection that he establishes
the customary principles. For his Friend has laid them down, out of friendship
and accord. How can one be His friend and connected to Him while deciding
against Him in the elimination of what Wisdom has seen fit to affirm?
Especially since the partaker in this station certainly knows that God is
"a Wise and Knowing One' ’ in what He establishes and causes to be. So he
will affirm what his Friend affirms. If he does not do this, and instead seeks
the obliteration [of what God has affirmed], he is a disputer. Whoever disputes
with you is not your friend, and you are not his friend. Such a one is close to
intransigence. But the friend of affirmation is perpetually in connection with
the Truth, so that he affirms the customary principles and witnesses Him in
them. One is not firmly established in this [friendship] if he seeks [ even the
momentary] repeal of la ws and not their obliteration.
30. "While" the attainer is held fast "at his
destination" where his
seeking ended, "he is called ‘one who stops '(al-waqif)”
—the seized, the consumed; and to him
is attributed half of perfection, "going with no coming,” "as long
as he does not return. " When he
returns, the perfection of perfection is attributed to him. "Those who
stop"means those who attain the
destinations of the roads assigned by their predispositions. For there are no
ends except in relation to beginnings. The existence of an absolute finality is
unimaginable; otherwise the realities would be overthrown.
"The ones
who are absorbed in that station,
"which is the end of their road, "as for
instance Abu-'lqaJ" al-Maghribi,
among the great Attainers, "and others" like Abu-Yazid Bistami, who, when he arrived among the seekers of
the Presence, was honored with the robe of vice-regency and deputyship and was
told, "Go out to My creation in My form, and whoever sees you, sees Me . . • • ” "In it" meaning in that station in which they are absorbed, “[God] takes
them and in it they are resurrected" because a person dies as he lived, and is resurrected as he died.
31.
“They are adepts of states, in
comparison to the masters among us, " who are adepts of stations.
32. "
‘ubudiyya.” Know that 'ubudiyya, servitude, is the essential characteristic of the servant. It is
the essence of poverty, meaning possibility. 'Ubudiyya is undivided attention to the contemplation proper to a servant,
its continuous observance in every state, station, revelation, disclosure,
contemplation, and stage. And service is what proceeds in accordance with the
requirements of servanthood. Fana' in 'ubudiyya means the nonexistence of contemplation [from the position of]
lordship, and equal concentration upon whatever aspect [of the Real presents
itself].
33. "the
most sublime qf them"—because it
encompasses [all] the doors • . • and
summons [the people] to the totality of Names.
34. "The
two differ solely in their mode of addressing people.for the discourse of the
saint is other than the discourse of the prophet. "The saint addresses whoever is behind and following him. The
prophet addresses whoever is before him, through fundamental authority, not
through their following. And the saint speaks from behind the veil of his
prophet, while the prophet speaks without a veil—that is, without the mediation
of another prophet.
35. "that
is not the case with us” because the
follower, insofar as he is a follower, never attains the station of the one he
follows at all. And he is not a saint except insofar as he is a follower, for
his sainthood is the essence of his following.
36. “the
ascent of theprophets is by thefundamental light, "that is, the divinely revealed knowledge. "Fundamental”
because it pours forth to them from the origin, not subsequently, and they are
not prophets except through their rising by this light. “While the
ascent of the saints is through what is providentially granted" to a predisposition for sainthood “by that
light," which falls
upon whoever stands in it. A level of sainthood possesses the fundamental light
only in the extent apportioned to its original form. The predisposition for
sainthood is nothing else.
The capacity of the saints accrues through human effort. So the
saint ascends only on the strength of that fundamental light which befalls him
in proportion to what he has earned. This rising is by the light, because the
ascent of the Truth is dark to the eyes of the gnostics. This light is the
revealed knowledge with which He enlightens them. It is given to the prophets
without preparation. On account of this, prophethood cannot be earned. This is
a true saying and the opinion of the shaykh. And it is given to the saints only
by means of their earned capacity through works which they have received from
the prophets. The works of the mind have no part in this preparation, for
sainthood is earned through the works of Sacred Law, not those of thinking.
37. “Knoiv
that Muhammad" through [as
stated in the famous hadith] his being a prophet while Adam was between water
and clay, “is
he who gave all the prophets and messengers" their sciences, sacred Ways, and "stations"
and states "in the World of Spirits, " because he is the
guardian of the divine secrets. For his spirit is the First Intellect,
treasurer of the, Divine and principle of the world of record and inscription,
the reality of the first determination which is the origin of all determinations.
So according to the Name "the Hidden," by his reality and spirit he
is giver of all that is given. According to the Name "the Manifest,"
all who give gifts are his deputies and followers. They receive from him in the
Name of the Hidden, and dictate to the world in the Name of the Manifest. And
thus their rule did not cease ‘‘until he was sent in the body," the
physical body, to "the black and the red" [races; that is, all of
mankind].
38. “. . • the prophets who witnessed him" at
the time of his appearance in the body, like Khidr, peace be upon him, who
according to the shaykh is one of the prophets, and who met with, received
from, and followed the Messenger in the material world. This expression does
not refer to anything which sacred tradition contradicts [i.e., one is not to
understand it as disputing the dignity of Muhammad as the last of the
prophets], because that is not correct either by transmitted teaching or by
intuition.
"or who descend" from heaven "after
him," that is, after Muhammad. This is Jesus, peace be upon him, who
will descend at the end of time, rule by our Law, kill swine, break crosses,
and call men to the community of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. He is the Seal of the
General Sainthood.
39.
"events
beyond the ordinary will accompany him ordinarily." [He will possess] full consciousness in relation to all states as
they come into existence. This is necessary for the "accurate balance of
the scales" [Koran 55:9] and the nonexistence of "short weight and
measure."
"He will
say unceasingly with every breath• • • " of the breaths the Merciful, whose object is renewed
creation; or by another . reading, with every human breath—and this is the more
obvious interpretation.
"while the
heavenly sphere turns by His breath.’’ The shaykh said: "Then you will know the Sufi saying that the
heavenly sphere revolves through the breaths of the world, meaning the world
that is breathed. That is, the cause of its revolution is the existence of the
breaths; with its revolution, God renews the breaths. "
40.
"The
Moment" (waqt) is an
expression for your state in time. The state does not attach itself to the past
or the future. It is an existent between two nonexistents. And if your Moment
is the wellspring of your state, you are the son of your Moment, and your
Moment determines what you are, because it is existent and you are nonexistent,
you are illusory and it is affirmed. If your Moment is obedience, and the
contemplation proper to servitude in every state, then you are one of the
enduring. And if it is the opposite of that, then you are one of the ephemeral.
In the first case your Moment is closeness, and in the second case it is
distance: In any case, the Moment will inevitably give you its experience. If
your Moment is closeness, your experience is from the Presence of closeness;
and if your moment is distance, your experience is from the Presence of
distance. And whoever mourns over the past and fills the present moment with
the past, he is one of those made distant. For he lets slip by what the current
state demands, engrossed in what will not return. This is the essence of
nonexistence. And whoever occupies himself with the future is in the same
state.
41. "while the heart cravesJrom them ’’ because craving (shahwa), as the shaykh said, is a limited natural desire. Consequently
craving does not attach itself to any object except by the inclination of a
natural drive. If someone discovers in himself an inclination to something
without the involvement of a natural drive—as for instance his inclination to
abstract meanings and high spiritual essences and perfection and the vision and
knowledge of God—then he need not withdraw from this inclination. But if he is
inclined to these things through the pleasure of deceptive imaginings, then
that [same inclination] is the attachment of craving. [It is attraction] on
account of the form. For the .imagination, when it has made corporeal that
which has no form—and this stems from the action of nature—simply stops.
• . .The Shaykh said: "Will is a divine spiritual natural attribute
•
• .. If inclination connects to the
immaterial without imagination ... It
is an inclination of will, not of natural desire. For craving has no entry to
entities independent of matter, but will has connection to every object of the
soul and intellect, whether that object be attractive [to the appetites] or
not. Craving has no connection except to the soul's obtaining a particular
pleasure."
42. "himma and more’’—external worship, which is the perfection of his exterior.
43. "And
if” the seeker is adorned with the
preparation we have described, and "he reaches the essence of reality "—and that is the essence of realization in form— "and his
intention is dissolved”—that
is to say, his will in the Will of God—he knows that his will is a branch of
the will of God. God Most High has said, "And you do not will other than
what God wills" [Koran 76:30]. If God had not willed the seeker to reach
Him, he would not have done so. There are more passages concerning this in the
Koran than can be counted, and among them is His saying "He turned to them
so that they would turn to Him" [Koran 9:118]; and "He loves them so
they love Him" [Koran 5:54]. For reality is the negation of the vestiges
of your attributes by His attributes, since He is the agent through you, in
you, from you, and you are not. "And there is no living creature except
that He seizes it by the forelock"
JOURNEY TO THE LORD OF POWER
[II:56]. The dissolution of himma
is the essence of the realization of the human being in form [that is, in his
true essential human form], because his attributes at that time are the essence
of the attributes of God. So understand.
And know that the journey to God is limited, because it means
the crossing of the illusory distance [between man and God] which is the
essence of the world. And as for the journey in God, and that is the
knowledge of Him in His attributes, it is infinite; because His attributes (may
He be exalted) are without end. Therefore the attainment to God has an end, "and
the attainment of what is beyond this has no limit. "
The one who has arrived says in the voice of "the
attainer"— the one in whom some of the aspects of God, His Names, have
arisen— "It is not proper" that God exist within the
limitation of his essence "other than thus"—than what the
attainer has become. For [in any other case] it would limit Him, and He, Glory
to Him, is unconditioned and without boundary. Or according to another
understanding of this sentence: “I t is not necessary" that what has
occurred should have happened as it did—and this is more obvious—but it
happened “for the sake of the astonishment which occurs at the raising of
the veils. ’’ And all things are the faces of God, which are His essential
form. And "through the knowledge which arises in contemplation he turns
toface what is beyond each appearance, " that is, toward what is
beyond that which had appeared in him corresponding to his capacity; for
knowledge has a vastness which is not compatible with any narrowness [that is,
cannot be confined within the limitations
of the one who seeks it, but transforms him]. So when He manifests
to His servant in revelation, it prepares the servant for yet another
revelation; and this is so endlessly. So satiation is unimaginable in the
perfect lover of the Real, and limitation and ending are inconceivable for the
receiver of revelation. Of this the shaykh said: "It is as if the
experience of the one who is aware enters his heart through He Whose being is
infinite, imposing a finiteness upon him for the sake of the manifestation thus
made possible in him" which is "beyond
appearances. For the Apparent One. though He is one in essence. is infinite in
aspects. They are His traces in us. " His attributes are not completed except in us. So we give Him the
attributes, and He gives us being. And if the attainment of what is beyond this
has no limit, it is because each contemplation results in bringing one face to
face with a contemplation still more exalted. And thus it is without end.
"Andfor the like of this let the workers work, andfor
the like of this let the contenders contend ...•’’
Abu-'lqal
al-Maghribi A Sufi of the
late eleventh century who lived in Mecca for four years without eating or
drinking, in a state of ghayba (q.v.), lost to the world.
Abu-Yazid
Bistami Abu-Yazid Tayfur ibn ‘Isa
al-Bistami (d. 848 or 874), a great Sufi famous for ecstasy and mystical
traveling in reality. Grandson of a Zoroastrian, when asked, "How did you
find wisdom?" he replied, "by hunger and poverty." He meditated
for thirty years, and was one of those who memorized the Koran. Once he took
his son to see a well known saint of the time. He saw the man spit in the
direction of the Kaaba. He took his son and left immediately, saying, "How
could anyone follow a man who does not obey the adab of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)?" He said
that he could not put into words the greatest difficulty he had encountered on
the spiritual path, but the easiest he remembered was that once when his nafs (q.v.) refused to make prayers, he punished it by not drinking
water for a year. Shaykh Musa ibn ‘Isa relates from his father that Hazrat
Bistami said: "If you see a man sitting crosslegged in
the air but you learn that he doesn't totally follow the Sacred Law, don't
believe in him."
adab Etiquette, behavior; in Sufism, the mode of right action,
the spiritual courtesy of the Way.
ahadiyya The Indivisible Unity of Allah, known only to Himself and
those who are not other than He.
‘alim Knower; in its general use, any learned man, particularly
a theologian. Here, for Ibn ' Arabi, a master to whom Allah has assigned the
task of teaching and guidance, following the Prophetic tradition "The
knowers are the inheritors of the prophets.’ '
'arif Gnostic, one who has become acquainted with the Divine
Being. Here, for Ibn ‘Arabi, particularly one who has no responsibility to the
Creation, but only to the Creator.
asma' ilahiyya Divine Names, as mentioned in Koran 20:8: "His are
the most beautiful Names" (al-asma’ al-husna). The Divine Names are
divided into Names of Essence, expressing pure transcendence, and Names of
Attributes, expressing divine qualities and actions. Singular: ism ilahi.
ayn Eye, but also the very self, as for instance in the term 'ayn
al-yaqin, eye of certainty, which means knowledge seen, but also the very
reality of knowledge.
baqa' The installation of all the good attributes in man;
eternal existence. (See fana’.) Baqa' is the beginning of
traveling in God.
barzakh Interval; any intermediate state between two degrees of
existence, especially the world of subtle forms between the physical and
supraformal worlds.
dhikr Remembering, mention; the recollection of Allah through
the invocation of His Names.
fana’ The total disappearance of the bad attributes from man,
annihilation; as implied in Koran 55:26-27: "Everything that is
upon [the earth] vanishes; the face of your Lord remains in majesty and
honor." (See baqa'.) Fana’ is the end of traveling to God.
Fusus al-hikam "Bezels of Wisdom," Ibn ‘Arabi’s discussion of
the Prophetic Words, the unique varieties of perfection realized in each of the
27 major prophets.
al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya "The Meccan
Revelations" (so called because the angel of inspiration first appeared to
him in Mecca to announce this work), Ibn ‘Arabi’s largest book, consisting of 560 chapters. It is a collection
of teachings and observations on a vast variety of subjects.
ghayba Absence; the state of being unconscious of the world.
Absence from the world implies presence with something else.
hadith Narration, account; report of the actions and sayings of
the Prophet (peace be upon him) transmitted through trustworthy intermediaries.
The Prophet said regarding hadith, "The faithful looks with the nur
[light] of Allah." "The believers look with an ‘ilm
[knowledge] and basira [insight] specially given only to them." Nur
in this case means 'ilm and basira. A
"tradition" of the Prophet only becomes hadith when viewed with 'ilm
and basira. a gift of Allah
to the believer.
hadith qudsi Sacred account; a non-Koranic Divine Word revealed through the
Prophet (peace be upon him).
hadra Presence; one of the modes or levels of the Divine Presence. There
are five major hadarat:
Hadrat ul-ghayb
il-mutlaq. absolute nonmanifestation, reflected
in the eternal fixed essences
Hadrat ul-ghayb
il-mudaJ, relative nonmanifestation, reflected
in the universe of spirits
Hadrat
ul-mithal, relative manifestation, reflected
in the subtle forms
hadrat
ul-mushahadat il-mutlaqa. absolute
manifestation, reflected in the physical world
hadrat
ul-jami’a. the presence of the totality,
reflected in the Perfect Man
hajira Beginning; original state.
See Koran 79: I
0: 'They
say: Shall we indeed be returned to the original state (hajira)?”
haqq Truth, the Real; the Divine Reality as distinguished from
Creation. (See khalq.)
himma Resolution, determination, ardor; for Ibn ' Arabi, the spiritual
will, the concentrated power of the heart’s intention.
huwiyya from the pronoun huwa, "He": the ineffable Divine Identity; God Himself
transcending attribute or description.
Ibn Jawziya Shamsuddin Muhammad ibn Abu-Bakr al- Jawziya (1295-1356), a
theologian and follower of Ibn Taymiyya, fundamentalist preacher and writer.
Ibn Rushd Abul Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd (1126-1198), known also as
Averroes, the greatest Arab philosopher of Spain, noted for his commentaries on
Plato and Aristotle and his perceptive analysis. He was attacked as a heretic
by contemporary theologians.
‘ilm Knowledge, science. ‘ilm is a light from the lamp of prophecy in the heart of the servant
through which he finds the path to God, to the work of God, and to the order of
God. '11m is the special characteristic of the human being; it refers
neither to the understanding of the senses nor to reason. Intellect is that
which discriminates between good and evil. The intellect which distinguishes
the good and evil of this world belongs to believers and unbelievers alike. The
intellect which distinguishes the good and evil of the next world belongs only
to the believers. 'Ilm is special to the believers; 'ilm and true intellect are necessary to each other. The knowledge of certainty ('ilm al’yaqin) is to hear that fire exists. The vision of certainty ('ayn al-yaqin) is to see it yourself. But the reality of certainty (haqq al-yaqin) is to be
fire.
istihlak Absorption; for Ibn ‘ Arabi, the state of being consumed or
overwhelmed by the Divine Presence so that all consciousness of multiplicity
and the relative world is destroyed.
ithbat Affirmation; here, the affirmation of what God has
ordained. (See mahw.)
khala' Void; according to Ibn ‘Arabi, the state of the universe
before its creation, and the origin of the word khalwa (q.v.).
khalq Creation; the created world as differentiated from
absolute reality. (See haqq.)
khalq jadid Renewed creation. From Koran 50: 14; "They are illusioned by
a new creation." For Ibn 'Arabi, the instant- by-instant destruction and
re-creation of the world which is the infinite manifestation of Allah.
khalwa Retreat; the act of total abandonment in desire of the
Divine Presence. The one who undertakes khalwa, like a dead man,
surrenders all worldly and exterior religious affairs, as the first step to
surrendering his own existence. In complete seclusion he continuously repeats
the Name of God. A man was asked if he was a priest. He replied, "I am a
guardian of dogs, seeing that they don't bite people, who may then live in
peace and security. I locked up the dogs of my nafs, and am guarding
them."
lawa'ih Outward appearance, looks, signs. A state (hal), if
not continuous, is called lawa'ih or bada'ih—that is, an isolated
state. The occasionally appearing state of enlightenment in novices is lawa'ih.
Of lawa'ih, a poet says, "O bright lightning, which part of heaven
are you illuminating now?"
lawa’ih lawhiyya "Surface signs"
or "outward appearances of the Tablet." This expression of Ibn '
Arabi's is obscure. Jili identifies it with lawa’ih haliyya (see lawa’ih).
Possibly the term derives from al-Iawh al-maJifuz, the Guarded Tablet in
which all destinies are written, identical with the Throne of Mercy (see sarir
al-rahmaniyya). In the text, however, the Tablet is revealed at a much
higher level than are these "surface signs."
mahq 0 bliteration; the unchanging state of not being able to
see even one's self. It is the state above mahw (q.v.), for in the state
of mahw traces remain, while in the state of mahq no traces
remain. Jili states that it is the manifestation of the vice-regency of God and
that its perfection does not belong to this world.
mahq al-mahq Obliteration of obliteration; the concealment of the
vice-regency destined by Allah to the true human being. Jili states that mahq
al-mahq may be perfected in this world.
mahw The elimination of one's habits (habitual attributes); it
corresponds to ithbat (q.v.), action from the necessities of worship. Mahw
means the erasure of errors from the visible self, of unconsciousness from the
heart, and of the tendency to see other than Allah from the soul. Mahw
is what God by His Will hides and eliminates; ithbat is what He reveals
and makes existent. If one leaves one's habits, a product of one's own doing,
and replaces them with the wondrous attributes and states, gifts, and returns
granted through the worship of Allah, then one has the qualities of mahw
and ithbat.
makr Plot, ruse. The ruse of Allah is blessings which follow
infringement of the Law, continuation of a state despite violation of adab, and the appearance of miracles without spiritual effort.
Malamiyya or Malamatiyya Those Sufis whose discipline is to take blame upon themselves,
accepting the world's attribution of guilt while remaining secretly innocent.
Ibn ‘ Arabi applies this term to the highest grade of Sufis, who embody the
secret of Muhammad (peace be upon him). Singular: Malami or Malamati.
maqam A stage or level of spiritual development.
mardudun Those sent back; Ibn 'Arabi's term for those who, having attained
the Presence of Allah, are returned by Him to His creation. All else being
equal, they are counted as superior to those who remain in exclusive
contemplation. (See mustahlikun.) Singular: mardud.
mawatin Realms; Ibn ‘ Arabi's term for the ultimate grounds or
"homelands" of all created experience. They are six in number:
pre-Creation, this world, the subtle world, Resurrection, Hell/Paradise, and
the site of the. Divine Vision "outside of Paradise." Singular: mawtin.
Muhibbuddin
al-Tabari Muhibbuddin Abul-' Abbas Ahmad ibn
'Abdullah al-Tabari (1218-1295), a traditionist and jurist in Mecca, the author
of a well-known collection of hadith and 216 other surviving works.
Muhyiddin
'Abdul-Qadir Jilani Muhyiddin
Abu-Muh^^mad 'Abdul-Qadir ibn Abu-Salih al-Jilani Zengi Dost (1077- 1166), a
saint of immense prestige and spiritual grace. Multitudes of legends and
stories surround him. Trained first as a jurist, he became a Sufi at the hands
of Shaykh Abul-Khayr Muhammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas, who is said to have brought
him to Sufism by a single glance. Shaykh 'Abdul-Qadir Jilani started to preach
publicly in Baghdad in 1127. He rapidly became renowned as the most moving and
eloquent of speakers and addressed vast audiences. He answered questions sent
to him from all over the world and distributed huge amounts of charity. His
spiritual status was such that he once stated, “ My foot is on the neck of
every saint." Many teachers of the highest caliber, in his own time and
ever since, have acknowledged him as their master.
mustahlikun Ibn ' Arabi's expression for those lost in the contemplation of
God's Unity to the exclusion of His manifestation in multiplicity. (See istihlak.) Their state is not so high as the state of those who encompass
both aspects. (See mardudun.) Singular: mustahlik.
al-naJas
al-rahmani The Merciful Breath; the Divine
Mercy which "breathes out" the existence of the world.
naJs Self, ego, desires. It is said that there is no approach to God
except by God, and there is no veil between the servant and his Lord except his
nafs. Sufism recognizes seven stages of refinement of the nafs.
al-Nuni The one shaped like the letter nun; the name of an angel, the personification of the First Intellect in
its passive aspect as the container of all knowledges. qabd Contraction, closing. In
Sufism, diminution of self by withdrawing from the surface personality toward
the interior. As a stage, it describes the Sufi who has passed beyond
khawJ(fear of Allah) and raja' (hope). At that level khawf
becomes qabd; raja’ becomes bast, expansion. KhawJ and raja’
pertain to the future, while qabdis the fear of now and bast is
the hope of now.
al-Qalam The Pen, title of the Seventieth Sura. It is the Koranic
term for the primordial comprehensive active divine consciousness. The parallel
philosophical expression, used by Ibn ' Arabi, is the First Intellect.
qutb Axis or pivot; the higheststation in the Sufi hierarchy of
saints. The qutb is directly responsible for the welfare of the entire
world. The qutb is said to be the spiritual successor of Muhammad.
al-Rabb Divine Name, the Lord. The Arabic implies the cherisher,
the one who guides the development of something. Ibn 'Arabi says that this name
rules the Cloud, the primordial entity within which all conditions form.
aI-Rahman Divine Name, the Merciful. The Mercy indicated by this
Name is that compassion which enfolds the whole universe, and through which the
universe was created. Ibn 'Arabi states that this Name rules the Throne of
Mercy. (See sarir al-rahmaniyya.)
riyada Training of character through ascetic practices.
Sa'duddin Hamawi Sa'ddudin Muhammad ibn
al-Mu'ayad al- Hamawi (1191 or '98-1252 or '60) was one of the
twelve inheritors of the great Shaykh Najmuddin Kubra, and a famous Sufi of
his time. Sadruddin Qunyawi, the disciple of Ibn ' Arabi, attended his
gatherings as a young man. Shaykh Hamawi was known as a composer of mystical
poetry and Sufi texts. Many miracles are attributed to him. His soul is said to
have once left his body for thirteen days.
sarir
al-rahmaniyya The Throne of
Mercy, called also the Guarded Tablet, is the Soul of the Universe. Every
destiny and every knowledge are encompassed by it.
al-Sattar Divine Name, the Veiler (Who covers human sins). shahwa Craving, natural appetite.
shaykh Master, spiritual guide, literally, “old man." The title of a
teacher of Sufism (Also spelled Sheikh).
sura Form, whether physical, subtle, or abstract.
taklif The obligation of a human being to choose the service of God. Ca^^
by Ibn ‘ Arabi a constituting principle of this world.
tawali' Ascendant stars. In the course of development they follow the lawa’ih (q. v.). The tawali’are the first hints of the Divine Names which illuminate the
servant and beautify his character. These are the lights of tawhid which overpower all lesser lights.
tawhid The declaration of the Unity of God expressed by the phrase La ilaha ila
'/lah, “There is no god but God."
'ubudiyya The quality of the servant, said to be perfected in Muhammad
(peace be upon him).
"Jqlat
al-mustawfiz “The Spell of
the Obedient Servant," a book by Ibn ' Arabi quoted by JilL It concerns
the Perfect Man and the degrees of being, and was written when Ibn ‘ Arabi was
in his twenties or early thirties, before his pilgrimage to Mecca.
waqif One who stops. Ibn 'Arabi uses this term for the seeker at the
time that he reaches his object, whether that seeker then remains in contemplation
(see mustahlikun) or returns to the world (see mardudun).
waqt Moment; in Sufism, the duration of an episode of real conscious
existence, of remembrance of Allah.
watan Homeland, from the same root as mawatin (q.v.), Realm.
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